Editing White-throated dipper (section)

==Taxonomy and systematics==
The white-throated dipper was [[species description|described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Sturnus cinclus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1| volume=1 | edition=10th | page=168 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii  | language=la | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727075 }}</ref> 
The current genus ''[[Cinclus]]'' was introduced by the German naturalist [[Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen]] in 1797.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Borkhausen | author-link=Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen | year=1797 | title=Deutsche Fauna, oder, Kurzgefasste Naturgeschichte der Thiere Deutschlands. Erster Theil, Saugthiere und Vögel | language=de | location=Frankfurt am Main | publisher=Varrentrapp und Wenner | page=300 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38962808 }}</ref> The name ''cinclus'' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{transliteration|grc|kinklos}} that was used to describe small tail-wagging birds that resided near water.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010 | title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | location=London | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4| page=107}}</ref> Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the white-throated dipper is most closely related to the other Eurasian species, the [[brown dipper]] (''Cinclus pallasii'').<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Voelker | first=Gary | year=2002 | title=Molecular phylogenetics and the historical biogeography of dippers (''Cinclus'') | journal=Ibis | volume=144 | issue=4 | pages=577–584 | doi=10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00084.x }}</ref>

There are 14 [[subspecies]] of which one is now extinct (with <span style="color:red;">†</span>):<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds | work=World Bird List Version 9.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/dippers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=4 February 2019 }}</ref>
* ''C. c. hibernicus'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1910 – ''Irish dipper''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinclus cinclus hibernicus (Irish dipper) - Zootierliste|url=https://zootierliste.de/en/?klasse=2&ordnung=227&familie=22721&art=55007588|access-date=2022-01-26|website=zootierliste.de/en}}</ref> – Ireland and west Scotland
* ''C. c. gularis'' ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1801) – ''British dipper''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinclus cinclus gularis (British dipper) - Zootierliste|url=https://zootierliste.de/en/?klasse=2&ordnung=227&familie=22721&art=55007587|access-date=2022-01-26|website=zootierliste.de/en}}</ref> – Scotland (except west), north, central and west England and Wales
* ''C. c. cinclus'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – ''Northern white-throated dipper''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinclus cinclus cinclus (Northern white-throated dipper) - Zootierliste|url=https://zootierliste.de/en/?klasse=2&ordnung=227&familie=22721&art=55007589|access-date=2022-01-26|website=zootierliste.de/en}}</ref> – north Europe, west and central France and north Spain and Portugal, Corsica and Sardinia
* ''C. c. aquaticus'' ([[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]], 1797) – ''Central European dipper''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinclus cinclus aquaticus (Central European dipper) - Zootierliste|url=https://zootierliste.de/en/?klasse=2&ordnung=227&familie=22721&art=55007590|access-date=2022-01-26|website=zootierliste.de/en}}</ref> – central and south Europe
*<span style="color:red;">†</span> ''C. c. olympicus'' [[Gyula Madarász|Madarász]], 1903 – Cyprus
* ''C. c. minor'' [[Henry Baker Tristram|Tristram]], 1870 – northwest Africa
* ''C. c. rufiventris'' Tristram, 1885 – west Syria and Lebanon
* ''C. c. uralensis'' [[Pavel Serebrovsky|Serebrovski]], 1927 – [[Ural Mountains]]
* ''C. c. caucasicus'' Madarász, 1903 – Turkey to the Caucasus, north Iran and north Iraq
* ''C. c. persicus'' [[Harry Forbes Witherby|Witherby]], 1906 – southwest Iran
* ''C. c. leucogaster'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1850 – south-central Russia, northwest China south to Afghanistan and north Pakistan
* ''C. c. baicalensis'' [[Henry Eeles Dresser|Dresser]], 1892 – south-central and southeast Siberia
* ''C. c. cashmeriensis'' [[John Gould|Gould]], 1860 – west and central Himalayas
* ''C. c. przewalskii'' [[Valentin Bianchi|Bianchi]], 1905 – east Himalayas, south Tibet and west China