Editing West Pakistan (section)

==Political history==
{{Main|Political history of Pakistan|Provinces of Pakistan}}
[[File:West Pakistan Map.gif|thumb|right|300px|Geography of West Pakistan]]

===Independence after British colonial period===
At the time of the [[Pakistan Movement|state establishment]] in 1947, the [[:Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement|founding fathers]] of Pakistan participated in the [[Radcliffe Line|Boundary Commission]] conference. Headed by [[Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe|Cyril Radcliffe]], the commission was tasked with negotiating the arrangement, area division, and future political set up of Pakistan and India.

Pakistan was formed from two distinct areas, separated by {{convert|1000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} of India. The western state was composed of three Governor's provinces ([[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier]], [[West Punjab|West-Punjab]] and [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh Province]]), one Chief Commissioner's province ([[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan Province]]), the [[Baluchistan States Union]], several other [[princely states]] (notably [[Bahawalpur State|Bahawalpur]], [[Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], [[State of Hunza|Hunza]], [[Khairpur, Pakistan|Khairpur]] and [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]]), the Federal Capital Territory (around [[Karachi]]) and the [[FATA|tribal areas]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan, West Pakistan"/> The eastern wing of the new country – East Pakistan – formed the single province of [[East Bengal]], including the former [[Assam]] district of [[Sylhet]] and the [[Hill Tracts]].

West Pakistan experienced great problems related to the divisions, including ethnic and racial friction, lack of knowledge, and uncertainty of where to demarcate the permanent [[border]]s.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part I)">{{cite web|last=SP|title=Post Independence Problems|date=June 2003|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/post-independence-problems/|publisher=Story of Pakistan|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> East Pakistan, Balochistan, and the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] experienced little difficulty, but [[Punjab (region)|Southern Pakistani Punjab]] faced considerable problems that had to be fixed.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part I)"/> Former [[East Punjab]] was integrated with the [[Indian Government|Indian administration]] and millions of Punjabi Muslims were expelled to be replaced by a Sikh and Hindu population and vice versa.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part II)">{{cite web|last=KHK|title=Refugees in West Pakistan |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A051&Pg=2 | publisher=Story of Pakistan (Part II)|access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> The communal violence spread to all over the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Economic rehabilitation efforts needing the attention of Pakistan's founding fathers further escalated the problems.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part II)"/>

The division also divided the [[natural resources]], [[Industrial sector|industries]], [[Infrastructure#Economic|economic infrastructure]], [[manpower]], and [[Armed forces|military might]], with India as the larger share owner.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Part III)">{{cite web|last=SoP|title=Division of Resources |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A051&Pg=3|publisher=Story of Pakistan (Part III)|access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> India retained 345 million in population<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiac.htm | title = INDIA: historical demographical data of the whole country | first = Jan | last = Lahmeyer | year = 2003 | access-date = 20 September 2013}}</ref> (91%) to Pakistan's 35 million<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.populstat.info/Asia/pakistac.htm | title = PAKISTAN: historical demographical data of the whole country | first = Jan | last = Lahmeyer | year = 2003 | access-date = 20 September 2013 | archive-date = 24 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170924225810/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/pakistac.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> (9%). Land area was divided as 78% to India and 22% to Pakistan. Military forces were divided up with a ratio of 64% for India and 36% for Pakistan.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan (15 September 2005)">{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|date=15 September 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan (15 September 2005)|location=United States|isbn=978-1-4039-6459-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb_0/page/448 448 pages]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb_0/page/448}}</ref> Most of the military assets – such as weapons depots and military bases – were located inside India; facilities in Pakistan were mostly obsolete, and they had a dangerously low ammunition reserve of only one week.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan (15 September 2005)"/> Four [[Division (military)|divisions]] were raised in West Pakistan, whilst one division was raised in East Pakistan.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan (15 September 2005)"/>

===Parliamentary democracy===
{{Main|Democracy in Pakistan}}
[[File:Invitation to Pakistan.ogv|right|thumb|Jacqueline Kennedy visiting West Pakistan, c. 1960.]]
From the time of its establishment, the [[State of Pakistan]] had the vision of a federal parliamentary democratic republic form of government. With the founding fathers remaining in West Pakistan, [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] was appointed the [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|country's first]] [[Prime minister of Pakistan|prime minister]], with [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] as [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]]. West Pakistan claimed the [[exclusive mandate]] over all of Pakistan, with the majority of the [[Pakistan Movement]]'s leading figures in West Pakistan. In 1949, the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]] passed the [[Objectives Resolution]] and the [[Annex to the Constitution of Pakistan]], paving the road to a [[Liberal democracy|Westernized]] [[Federation|federal]] [[parliamentary republic]]. The work on parliamentary reforms was constituted by the constituent assembly the year after, in 1950.

The western section of Pakistan dominated the politics of the new country. Although East Pakistan had over half of the population, it had a disproportionately small number of seats in the Constituent Assembly. This inequality of the two wings and the geographical distance between them was believed to be holding up the adoption of a new [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]]. To diminish the differences between the two regions, the government decided to reorganise the country into two distinct provinces.

Under the [[One Unit]] policy announced by Prime Minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]] on 22 November 1954, the four provinces and territories of western Pakistan were integrated into one unit to mirror the single province in the east. The state of West Pakistan was established by the merger of the provinces, states, and tribal areas of West Pakistan. The province was composed of twelve [[Subdivisions of Pakistan#History of Pakistan|divisions]] and the provincial capital was established at [[Karachi]]. Later the state capital moved to [[Lahore]], and it was finally established in [[Islamabad]] in 1965. The province of [[East Bengal]] was renamed [[East Pakistan]] with the provincial [[state capital]] at [[Dhaka]] (Dacca).

Clashes between West Pakistan and East Pakistan soon erupted, further destabilising the entire country. The two states had different political ideologies{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} and different lingual cultural aspect. West Pakistan had been founded on the main basis of a parliamentary democracy (and had a [[parliamentary republic]] form of government since 1947), with Islam as its state religion. In contrast, East Pakistan had been a [[socialist state]] since the [[Elections in Pakistan|1954 elections]],{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} with [[state secularism]] proclaimed.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} West Pakistan sided with the United States and her [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO allies]], whilst East Pakistan remained sympathetic to the [[Soviet Union]] and her [[Eastern Bloc]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Pakistan's [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 constitution]] validated the parliamentary form of government, with Islam as state religion and Urdu, English and Bengali as state languages. The 1956 constitution also established the [[Parliament of Pakistan]] as well as the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].

Ethnic and [[1953 Lahore riots|religious violence]] in [[Lahore]], which began in 1953, spread all over the country. [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]], prime minister of Pakistan, declared martial law in Lahore to curb the violence. This inter-communal violence soon spread to India, and a [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|regional conflict]] put West Pakistan and India in a war-threatening situation. The prime ministers of Pakistan and India held an emergency meeting in Lahore.

===Military dictatorships===
{{Main|Military coups in Pakistan#Military coups in Pakistan|l1=Martial law in Pakistan }}

From 1947 to 1959, the government was only partially stable. Seven [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|prime ministers]], [[Governor-General of Pakistan#List of office-holders|four]] [[Governor-General of Pakistan|governors-general]], and one [[List of Presidents of Pakistan|president]] were forcefully removed either by [[constitutional coup]] or by [[military coup]]. The [[One Unit]] program was met with harsh opposition, civil unrest, and political disturbance. Support for the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] and [[Pakistan Socialist Party]] in the upcoming elections threatened Pakistan's [[Civil Service of Pakistan|technocracy]]. The Muslim League and Socialist Party gained momentum after the League's defeat in the 1954 elections, and the Socialist Party were challenging for the constituencies of the [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Iskandar Mirza]]'s [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]]. Relations with the United States deteriorated, with the US assessing that democracy in both states was failing.

A US-backed [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup d'état]] was launched in 1958 by the [[Pakistan Army]] command. The [[Urdu speaking|Urdu-speaking class]] and the [[Bengal|Bengali nation]] were forcefully removed from the affairs of West Pakistan. With the imposition of martial law led by then-[[Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army|Army Commander-in-Chief]] General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]], the [[state capital]] was moved from Karachi to [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Army General Combatant Headquarters (The GHQ)]] at [[Rawalpindi]] in 1959, whilst the federal legislature was moved to Dacca. In 1963, Rawalpindi had become in effect a federal capital; a new city was planned and constructed, finally completing in 1965. In 1965, the state capital was finally re-located in Islamabad.

===Dissolution in 1970===
{{Main|1970 Pakistani general election|Six point movement|Legal Framework Order, 1970}}
On contrary perception, the provinces did not benefit from economic progress, but the One Unit program strengthened the central government.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 6 August 2002">{{cite news|last=Shahid Javed Burki|title=Those eventful years|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2002/08/06/op.htm|access-date=25 March 2012|newspaper=Dawn Newspapers|date=6 August 2002}}</ref> In West Pakistan, the four provinces also struggled hard for the abolition of One Unit which caused injustices to them as it was imposed on them.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 31 December 2005">{{cite news|last=Editorial|title=Punjab vs other provinces|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2005/12/31/letted.htm|access-date=25 March 2012|newspaper=Dawn Newspapers|date=31 December 2005}}</ref>

The provisional powerful committees pressured the central government through the means of civil disobedience, violence on street, raising slogans against the martial law, and attacks on government machines such as police forces.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 6 August 2002"/><ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 31 December 2005"/> For several weeks, the four provinces worked together and guided the "One Unit Dissolution Committee", towards resolving all outstanding issues in time set by the Yahya government.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 6 August 2002"/><ref name=Akbar>{{cite book | title = Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif | last = Akbar | first = M.K. | publisher = Mittal Publications | location = New Delhi, India | year = 1997 | isbn = 81-7099-674-0 | page = 51 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC}}</ref> Finally, the committee's plan went into effect on 1 July 1970, when West Pakistan's "One Unit" was dissolved, and all power was transferred to the provinces of Balochistan, the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North West Frontier Province]], Punjab and Sindh.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 6 August 2002"/><ref name=Akbar/>

In the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general elections]] (held in December 1970), the Bengali [[Awami League]] under [[Mujibur Rahman]] won an overall majority of seats in Parliament and all but 2 of the 162 seats allocated to East Pakistan. The Awami League advocated greater autonomy for East Pakistan but the military government did not permit Mujib-ur-Rahman to form a government.

East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. The term West Pakistan became redundant.