Editing West Memphis, Arkansas (section)

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2023}}

===Pre-European habitation===
[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] lived in the Mississippi River Valley for at least 10,000 years, although much of the evidence of their presence has been buried or destroyed. The people of the [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian Period]] were the last indigenous inhabitants of the West Memphis area. Mound City Road, located within the eastern portion of the West Memphis city limits, has a marker indicating that the villages of Aquixo (Aquijo) or Pacaha were in the area. Several mounds are still visible.

===European exploration and settlement===
Explorers from both [[Spain]] and [[France]] visited the area near West Memphis. Among those explorers were [[Hernando de Soto]] and his men from Spain and Father [[Jacques Marquette]] and [[Louis Jolliet]] from France. By the time French hunters and explorers entered the region, the Mississippian towns and other settlements had been abandoned. The original site of West Memphis came from Spanish land grants issued during the 1790s. Grants were given to Benjamin Fooy, John Henry Fooy, and Isaac Fooy in the Hopefield (Crittenden County) area and to William McKenney in the Bridgeport-West Memphis area.

===Early history===
In the summer of 1541, Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto crossed the [[Mississippi River]] into what is now Crittenden County with an army of over 300 [[conquistador]]s and almost as many captured Native American slaves. The Spanish found the land to be the most densely populated that they had seen since starting their journey on the [[Florida]] coast, two years earlier. The Spanish expedition departed Arkansas two years later, leaving behind numerous [[Old World]] diseases. It was 130 years before Europeans visited this region again. The French expedition of Joliet and Marquette in 1673 found none of the towns or people that the Spanish had documented; all that remained were the many mounds that still dot the landscape along the rivers and creeks. The original inhabitants, like the later settlers, were drawn to this region because of its fertile river bottom soil, abundant game, and thick forest.

====First European settlement====
The earliest recorded immigrant to the area was Benjamin Fooy, a native of [[Holland]], who was sent in 1795 by the Spanish governor of the large area claimed by [[Spain]] to establish a settlement on the [[Mississippi River]]. He chose a location across the river from present-day Memphis. In 1797, the Spanish established Campo de la Esperanza,<ref>https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/about/ The Soldiers of Spain in Colonial Arkansas | Morris S. Arnold | Arkansas Historical Quarterly , Winter 2018, Vol. 77 Issue 4, p305-354, 50p</ref> which was a small fort along the Mississippi River. The Spanish abandoned the fort in 1802 and the area took its English translation "Field of Hope", which eventually became known as Hopefield shortly after the United States took possession of the [[Louisiana Territory]].

===Crittenden County===
Crittenden County is bounded on the east by the Mississippi River and was established in 1825, eleven years before Arkansas became a state. Named after [[Robert Crittenden]], the first secretary of the [[Arkansas Territory]], the county had a population of 1,272 in 1830. Hopefield became the eastern terminal for the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad in 1857. However, the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] forced a halt to track construction just east of the [[St. Francis River]] in 1861.

===Civil War and the end of Hopefield===
During the summer of 1862, Memphis fell into the hands of the [[Union Army|Union]] forces. Most [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] soldiers were ferried across the river to Hopefield, Arkansas, and surrounding farms. Many of these soldiers were moved on to other battle fronts, but some remained to harass the Union forces and disrupt river traffic. This became such a problem that on February 19, 1863, four companies of Federal forces burned down the entire town. The town of Hopefield was rebuilt after the war but never regained the prominence it once held in Crittenden County. After the St. Francis Levee District began the levee system in the [[Arkansas Delta]] during the 1890s, what little remained of Hopefield became part of the Mississippi River flood plain and was washed away.

===First settlement named West Memphis===
An early settlement that was established for ferry operations between Memphis and Arkansas in the early 1880s was given the name West Memphis. This small settlement, located directly south of the present day [[Memphis & Arkansas Bridge]], never incorporated and died out shortly after ferry traffic ceased due to the completion of the [[Frisco Bridge]] across the Mississippi River in 1892.  In addition to its lost ferry operations, this area, in the same fashion as its northern neighbor Hopefield, became part of the Mississippi River flood plain in the 1890s.<ref>Beauregard, Michael A. ''Images of American: West Memphis''. Arcadia Publishing, 2014.</ref>

The entire area usually flooded in the spring until the St. Francis Levee District was established in 1893. However, private landowners along the Mississippi River built levees that were only three or four feet high. In 1912 and 1913, the St. Francis main levee broke, flooding the area from the Mississippi River to [[Forrest City, Arkansas|Forrest City]] in [[St. Francis County, Arkansas|St. Francis County]]. The flood of 1913 was the last time the levee broke in Crittenden County.<ref name="Woolfolk, Margaret Elizabeth 1993">Woolfolk, Margaret Elizabeth. ''A History of Crittenden County''. Southern Historical Press, 1993.</ref>

===Founding of West Memphis===
After the levee system was built and strengthened, [[Zack Bragg|Zack T. Bragg]], a lumberman who had been logging in [[St. Francis County]] since 1905, purchased 300 acres of virgin timber and established a sawmill in 1914. The mill was located along a railroad spur and a dirt path that would eventually become Missouri Street in West Memphis.<ref name="Woolfolk, Margaret Elizabeth 1993"/><ref>Beauregard, Michael A. "Images of America: West Memphis". Arcadia Publishing, 2014.</ref> Bragg also acquired the timbering rights to thousands of acres of adjacent land clearing the area that eventually gave way to fertile farmland and to the future West Memphis. The area around Bragg's Mill was known for the first few years as Bragg, Arkansas. The small community consisted of the mill, a commissary and boarding house, and a few dozen dwellings for workers.<ref name="Beauregard, Michael A. 2014">Beauregard, Michael A. ''Images of America: West Memphis''. Arcadia Publishing, 2014.</ref>
  
In 1914, another operation began two miles south of Bragg's Mill when William H. Hundhausen began plans for the Bolz Slack Barrell Cooperage plant located at the southern end of present-day 8th Street in West Memphis. The Bolz Cooperage, which was a stave mill, purchased a great quantity of acreage for its lumber operation. Within a short time of the mill's beginning, a small community developed. In 1917, highways 70 and 61 were established and clearing began through the future West Memphis.<ref>Beauregard, Michael A. ''Images of America: West Memphis''. Arcadia Press, 2014.</ref> With the threat of river flooding diminished by a strengthened levee, the establishment of two lumber operations and the building of two major U.S. highways, the small lumber communities grew rapidly. In 1920 the population was approximately 132 and by 1928, the population had grown to 350.  The community incorporated as a city in 1927 with the name West Memphis. Zack T. Bragg, one of the city's founders, was elected as the first mayor and served for three consecutive one year terms. William H. Hundhausen, another founder of West Memphis, was elected as its third mayor and served from 1932 to 1944.<ref name="Woolfolk, Margaret Elizabeth 1993"/>

===Early 20th century===
[[File:Blind street musicians, West Memphis, Arkansas, Sept. 1935. (3109755531).jpg|alt=|thumb|Blind street musician in 1935]]
The construction of the railroads, the establishment of lumber operations and the construction of two new U.S. highways fueled the growth of West Memphis. In 1930, the population reached 895.  By 1940, the population grew to 2,225 and by the [[1950 United States census|1950 census]], the population had more than quadrupled in size to 9,112, making West Memphis the fastest growing city in Arkansas. Due to the rapid growth of the city that grew from thick forests and swamps earlier in the 20th century, West Memphis was nicknamed the "Wonder City" in the mid-1930s.<ref>Beauregard, Michael A. ''Images of America: West Memphis''. Arcadia Publishing 2014.</ref>

===20th century growth===
The first automobiles began crossing the Mississippi River at Memphis in 1917 by special roadways constructed on the [[Harahan Bridge]], which was built for rail traffic and opened in 1916. This heralded the growth of the future West Memphis as its main street, U.S. Highway 70, known as Broadway Avenue, brought an influx of automobile traffic through the area. U.S. Highway 61, named Missouri Street in West Memphis, was constructed at the same time and its juncture with Highway 70 would become the epicenter of downtown West Memphis.<ref name="Beauregard, Michael A. 2014"/>
  
West Memphis was officially incorporated in 1927 and continued to grow to become the largest city in Crittenden County. The availability of river and rail transportation transformed West Memphis into the manufacturing and distribution hub of the county. In the 1930s West Memphis, along with the rest of the Mississippi Delta, suffered due to the economic depression. However, the city grew and developed at a record pace. The most notable export of West Memphis from that era was its original [[blues]] music. At one time [[Sonny Boy Williamson II|Sonny Boy Williamson]], [[Howlin' Wolf]], [[Robert Lockwood, Jr.]], and [[B.B. King]] lived in West Memphis.

The growth and development of the city's main commercial thoroughfare, Broadway Avenue, was instigated by the increased traffic and by demand for the industrial products produced and shipped through West Memphis by rail and river. [[Motel|Tourist courts]], restaurants, hotels and other amenities geared toward the traveler were constructed along the traffic corridor through West Memphis. During the World War II years, transportation of soldiers and goods by road, river, and rail in the Memphis/West Memphis area created the need for lodging and other services. Construction in 1949 of a second automobile bridge across the Mississippi, connecting Memphis and West Memphis, created another influx of automobile traffic.

The buildings in the 700, 800 and 900 blocks of East Broadway reflect the growth of the city of West Memphis in the years 1930 to 1958. Until the national interstate highway system was opened in the late 1950s, diverting traffic away from former routes through the middle of America's towns, West Memphis' Broadway Avenue was the city's center of commerce, with retail stores, tourist courts and hotels and office buildings. Decline of Broadway Avenue was rapid after the traffic through the town diminished with the opening of the interstate highways. Although the three blocks of East Broadway contained in the West Memphis Commercial Historic District remain much as they appeared in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, the remainder of the city's major traffic corridor, Broadway Avenue, has changed significantly.

===World War II to the modern era===
In the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, 8th Street was often called "[[Beale Street]] West", reflecting a music and nightlife scene to equal that in Memphis. Some places in West Memphis have been associated with entertainers such as [[B.B. King]] (who began his public entertaining at the Square Deal Café on South 16th Street){{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} and [[Elvis Presley]] (who ate his first breakfast after being inducted into the U.S. Army at the Coffee Cup on East Broadway on March 24, 1958).{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Other night spots along Broadway Street included Willowdale Inn, the Cotton Club, and the Plantation Inn.

Legal [[greyhound racing]] began in the county in 1935. In the years that followed, the track closed several times—once for flooding, another due to World War II, and another time due to fire. However, the business currently known as Southland Park Gaming & Racing on North Ingram Boulevard has been in the same location since 1956 and is now open every day of the week, including 24 hours on weekends.

[[File:West Memphis I-40 Bridge.jpg|thumb|[[Hernando de Soto Bridge]]]]
West Memphis began its role as a trucking hub with the opening of parts of [[Interstate 55 in Arkansas|Interstate 55]] in the 1950s. With both I-55 and [[Interstate 40 in Arkansas|I-40]] traveling toward the Mississippi River, West Memphis became known as the "crossroads of America" in the trucking industry. In 1973, a six-lane highway bridge, known as the [[Hernando de Soto Bridge]] and located north of the Harahan, opened as part of I-40.

In 1980, Leo Chitman was elected as the city's first African American mayor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://arktimes.com/news/cover-stories/2012/11/14/west-memphis-revisited|title=West Memphis revisited|first=Grif|last=Stockley|publisher=Arkansas Times|date=November 12, 2020|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref> Current mayor Marco McClendon, who became the youngest West Memphis Mayor to be sworn into office in 2019,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wreg.com/news/marco-mcclendon-sworn-in-as-west-memphis-mayor/ | title=Marco McClendon sworn in as West Memphis mayor | date=January 2, 2019 }}</ref> is African American as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://armoneyandpolitics.com/tide-is-turning-black-mayors-popping-up-across-arkansas/|title=Tide Is Turning: Black Mayors Popping Up Across Arkansas|first=Ryan|last=Nix|date=February 3, 2020|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref>

On December 14, 1987, a tornado killed six people and caused approximately $35&nbsp;million in damage. The town had not recovered from the tornado damage when it flooded from {{convert|12|in}} of rain on December 25, 1987. Additionally, {{convert|7|to|10|in}} of snow fell on January 6, 1988. When the snow began to melt, this added to the already existing flood problems and the destruction caused by the tornado.

Some of the major employers in the city are Schneider National Carriers, Southland Park Gaming & Racing, Family Dollar Distribution, FedEx National LTL, and Robert Bosch Power Tools. Family Dollar Distribution and FedEx National LTL are located in the Mid-America Industrial Park west of the city.

The 1993 murders of three young boys and the subsequent convictions of [[Damien Echols]], Jason Baldwin, and Jessie Misskelley, Jr. brought much unwanted attention to West Memphis. The three young men convicted were known as the [[West Memphis Three]] and the case brought about a great amount of public intrigue. Four documentaries have been made about the incident, the first being ''[[Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills]]''. Echols, Baldwin, and Misskelley were released from jail in 2011 after signing an [[Alford plea]], which allowed them to plead guilty while maintaining their innocence. They were released with time served and placed on probation until 2021.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/19/west-memphis-three-free_n_931449.html | work=Huffington Post | first=David | last=Lohr | title='West Memphis Three' Free After Serving 17 Years | date=August 19, 2011}}</ref>