Editing Warren Sturgis McCulloch (section)

== Biography ==
Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in [[Orange, New Jersey]], in 1898. His brother was a [[chemical engineer]] and Warren was originally planning to join the [[Christian ministry]]. As a teenager he was associated with the theologians [[Henry Sloane Coffin]], [[Harry Emerson Fosdick]], [[Herman Karl Wilhelm Kumm]] and [[Julian F. Hecker]]. He was also mentored by the [[Quaker]] [[Rufus Jones (writer)|Rufus Jones]].<ref name="number">{{cite journal |last1=McCulloch |first1=Warren |date=1961 |title=What is a number, that a man may know it, and a man, that he may know a Number |url=https://www.nsl.com/k/parry/mcculloch_what-is-a-number.pdf |journal=General Semantics Bulletin |issue=26 & 27 |pages=7–18}}</ref> He attended [[Haverford College]] then studied philosophy and psychology at [[Yale University]], where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1921.  He continued to study psychology at [[Columbia University|Columbia]] and received a Master of Arts degree in 1923. Receiving his MD in 1927 from the [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]] in New York, he undertook an internship at [[Bellevue Hospital]], New York. Then he worked under [[Eilhard von Domarus]] at the [[Rockland Psychiatric Center|Rockland State Hospital for the Insane]].<ref name="Abraham">{{cite journal |last1=Abraham |first1=Tara H. |title=(Physio)logical circuits: The intellectual origins of the McCulloch-Pitts neural networks |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |date=2002 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=3–25 |doi=10.1002/jhbs.1094 |pmid=11835218 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4051737 |issn=0022-5061}}</ref> He returned to academia in 1934.  He worked at the Laboratory for Neurophysiology at Yale University from 1934 to 1941.

In 1941 he moved to Chicago and joined the Department of Psychiatry at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]], where he was a professor of psychiatry, as well as the director of the Illinois Neuropsychiatric Institute until 1951.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smalheiser|first1=Neil |title=Walter Pitts |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine|date=2000 |volume=43 |issue=43,2 |pages= 217–226|doi=10.1353/pbm.2000.0009 |pmid=10804586 |s2cid=8757655 }}</ref> From 1952 he worked at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] with [[Norbert Wiener]]. He was a founding member of the [[American Society for Cybernetics]] and its second president during 1967–1968.  He was a mentor to the British [[operations research]] pioneer [[Stafford Beer]].

McCulloch had a range of interests and talents. In addition to his scientific contributions he wrote poetry ([[sonnet]]s), and he designed and engineered buildings and a dam at his farm in [[Old Lyme]], Connecticut.

McCulloch married Ruth Metzger, known as 'Rook', in 1924 and they had three children.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rebel genius : Warren S. McCulloch's transdisciplinary life in science|last=H.|first=Abraham, Tara|isbn=9780262035095|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|oclc=946160418|date = 2016-10-28}}</ref> He died in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] in 1969.