Editing Wallachia (section)

==Etymology==
{{see also|Vlachs}}
The name ''Wallachia'' is an [[exonym]], generally not used by Romanians themselves, who used the denomination "Țara Românească" – Romanian Country or Romanian Land, although it does appear in some Romanian texts as ''Valahia'' or ''Vlahia''. It derives from the term ''[[walhaz]]'' used by [[Germanic peoples]] and [[Early Slavs]] to refer to Romans and other speakers of foreign languages. In [[Northwestern Europe]], this gave rise to [[Wales]], [[Cornwall]], and [[Wallonia]], among others, while in [[Southeast Europe]] it was used to designate [[Romance languages|Romance]]-speakers, and subsequently shepherds in general.

In [[Church Slavonic language|Slavonic]] texts of the [[Early Middle Ages]], the name ''{{transliteration|cu|Zemli Ungro-Vlahiskoi}}'' ({{lang|cu|Земли Унгро-Влахискои}} or "Hungaro-Wallachian Land") was also used as a designation for the region. The term, translated in Romanian as "Ungrovalahia", remained in use up to the modern era in a religious context, referring to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]] [[Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja|Metropolitan seat of Hungaro-Wallachia]], in contrast to [[Thessaly|Thessalian]] or [[Great Vlachia]] in Greece or Small Wallachia (Mala Vlaška) in Serbia.<ref>Dinu C. Giurescu, "Istoria ilustrată a românilor", Editura Sport-Turism, Bucharest, 1981, p. 236</ref> The Romanian-language designations of the state were [[Muntenia]] (The Land of Mountains), Țara Rumânească (the Romanian Land), Valahia, and, rarely, România.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://acad.ro/com2013/pag_com13_0529.htm |title=Ioan-Aurel Pop, Istoria și semnificația numelor de român/valah și România/Valahia, reception speech at the Romanian Academy, delivered on 29 Mai 2013 in public session, Bucharest, 2013, pp. 18–21 |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018231958/http://www.acad.ro/com2013/pag_com13_0529.htm |url-status=live }} See also I.-A. Pop, "Kleine Geschichte der Ethnonyme Rumäne (Rumänien) und Walache (Walachei)," I-II, Transylvanian Review, vol. XIII, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 68–86 and no. 3 (Autumn 2014): 81–87.</ref> The spelling variant ''Țara Românească'' was adopted in official documents by the mid-19th century; however, the version with ''u'' remained common in local dialects until much later.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arvinte |first1=Vasile |title=Român, românesc, România |date=1983 |publisher=Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică |location=București |page=52}}</ref>

For long periods after the 14th century, Wallachia was referred to as ''{{transliteration|bg|Vlashko}}'' ({{langx|bg|Влашко}}) by [[Bulgaria]]n sources, ''{{transliteration|sr|Vlaška}}'' ({{langx|sr|Влашка}}) by [[Serbia]]n sources, ''{{transliteration|uk|Voloschyna}}'' ({{langx|uk|Волощина}}) by [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] sources, and ''{{lang|de|Walachei}}'' or ''{{lang|de|Walachey}}'' by [[German language|German]]-speaking (most notably [[Transylvanian Saxons|Transylvanian Saxon]]) sources. The traditional [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] name for Wallachia is ''{{lang|hu|Havasalföld}}'', literally "Snowy lowlands", the older form of which is ''{{lang|hu|Havaselve}}'', meaning "Land beyond the snowy mountains" ("snowy mountains" refers to the [[Southern Carpathians|Southern Carpathians (the Transylvanian Alps)]]<ref>A multikulturális Erdély középkori gyökerei – Tiszatáj 55. évfolyam, 11. szám. 2001. november, Kristó Gyula – The medieval roots of the multicultural Transylvania – Tiszatáj 55. year. 11th issue November 2001, Gyula Kristó</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romansagtortenet.hupont.hu/7/havasalfold-es-moldva-megalapitasa-es-megszervezese |title=Havasalföld és Moldva megalapítása és megszervezése |website=Romansagtortenet.hupont.hu |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130151207/http://www.romansagtortenet.hupont.hu/7/havasalfold-es-moldva-megalapitasa-es-megszervezese |url-status=live }}</ref>); its translation into Latin, ''{{lang|la|Transalpina}}'' was used in the official royal documents of the Kingdom of Hungary. In [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], the term ''{{transliteration|ota|Eflâk Prensliği}}'', or simply ''{{transliteration|ota|Eflâk}}'' {{lang|ota|افلاق}}, appears. In old Albanian, the name was "[[wikt:Gogëni|Gogënia]]", which was used to denote non-Albanian speakers.<ref>Mann, S. (1957). An English-Albanian Dictionary. University Press. p. 129</ref>

Arabic chronicles from the 13th century had used the name of Wallachia instead of [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]]. They gave the coordinates of Wallachia and specified that Wallachia was named ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Awalak}}'' and the dwellers ''{{transliteration|ar|ulaqut}}'' or ''{{transliteration|ar|ulagh}}''.<ref>Dimitri Korobeinikov, A broken mirror: the Kipchak world in the thirteenth century. In the volume: The other Europe from the Middle Ages, Edited by Florin Curta, Brill 2008, p. 394</ref>

The area of [[Oltenia]] in Wallachia was also known in Turkish as ''Kara-Eflak'' ("Black Wallachia") and ''Küçük-Eflak'' ("Little Wallachia"),<ref name="Anscombe2006">{{cite book |author=Frederick F. Anscombe |title=The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsolAQAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |isbn=978-1-55876-383-8 |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716060048/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsolAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> while the former has also been used for Moldavia.<ref name="Filstich1979">{{cite book |author=Johann Filstich |title=Tentamen historiae Vallachicae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FUBAAAAMAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică |page=39 |quote=<!--Moldova, pe care unii o numesc Valahia Neagră--> |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716060150/https://books.google.com/books?id=_FUBAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>