Editing Volvox (section)

== History of knowledge ==
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first reported observations of ''Volvox'' in 1700.<ref name="Leeuwenhoek">{{cite journal |last=van Leeuwenhoek |first=Antonie |author-link=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |date=1700 |title=Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |doi=10.1098/rstl.1700.0013 |volume=22 |issue=260–276 |pages=509–518 |bibcode=1700RSPT...22..509V |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Herron, M. (2015). "...of the bignefs of a great corn of fand...". ''Fierce Roller Blog'', [http://www.fierceroller.com/?p=341] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603015243/http://www.fierceroller.com/?p=341|date=2016-06-03}}.</ref> After some drawings and a fuller description by [[Henry Baker (naturalist)|Henry Baker]] in 1753,<ref>Baker, H. (1753). ''Employment for the microscope''. R. Dodsley: London, pl. XII, f. 27, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45920].</ref> [[Carl Linnaeus]] named the genus in his 1758 work ''[[Systema Naturae]]'';<ref>Linnaeus, C. (1758). ''[[Systema naturae]] per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis''. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Editio decima revisa. Vol. 1 pp. [i-iv], [1]-823. Holmiae [Stockholm]: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii.</ref> Linnaeus named the genus ''Volvox'', with two species: ''[[Volvox globator|V. globator]]'' and ''V. chaos''. The name comes from the Latin term ''volvere'', meaning "to roll", and -''ox'', meaning "fierce".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.034 |title=Volvox |date=2004 |last1=Kirk |first1=David L. |journal=Current Biology |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=R599–R600 |pmid=15296767 |bibcode=2004CBio...14.R599K }}</ref> ''Volvox chaos'' is an [[amoeba]] now known as ''[[Chaos (genus)|Chaos]]'' sp.<ref>Herron, M. (2016). Moving without limbs! Linnaeus on Volvox. ''Fierce Roller Blog'', [http://www.fierceroller.com/?p=773] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603053127/http://www.fierceroller.com/?p=773|date=2016-06-03}}.</ref><ref>Spencer, M.A., Irvine, L.M. & Jarvis, C.E. (2009). Typification of Linnaean names relevant to algal nomenclature. ''Taxon'' 58: 237-260, [http://images.algaebase.org/algaebase/pdf/5964B937079ef2A1D4lrS280C31A/45005.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508170536/http://images.algaebase.org/algaebase/pdf/5964B937079ef2A1D4lrS280C31A/45005.pdf|date=2016-05-08}}.</ref>

Linnaeus' description of ''Volvox globator'' was vague enough that it could apply to any of the currently accepted species of ''Volvox''. The current [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of ''V. globator'' is based on [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]]'s descriptions; however, he mistakenly thought the asexual and sexual colonies of ''Volvox'' were different species, and placed the male colonies in a separate genus, ''Sphaerosira''. This confusion was cleared up by [[Samuel Friedrich Stein]] in 1878.<ref name=Smith1944>{{cite journal|title=A Comparative Study of the Species of ''Volvox''|last1=Smith|first1=G.M.|journal=Transactions of the American Microscopical Society|date=1944|volume=63|issue=4|pages=265–310|jstor=3223302|doi=10.2307/3223302}}</ref>

In the twentieth century, [[Walter Robert Shaw|W. R. Shaw]] added several species to ''Volvox'', but also split off many species into several genera, namely ''Besseyosphaera'', ''Campbellosphaera'', ''Merrillosphaera'', ''Copelandosphaera'', and ''Janetosphaera''. Although most systematists did not accept these genera, they did accept them as [[section (biology)|section]]s within the genus ''Volvox''; [[Gilbert Morgan Smith]] reduced this to four sections in total.<ref name=Smith1944/> More recently, phylogenetic studies revealed that ''Volvox'' was polyphyletic, consisting of several clades which partially aligned with the sections as defined by Smith.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00803.x |title=Evolution of developmental programs in ''Volvox'' (Chlorophyta) |date=2010 |last1=Herron |first1=Matthew D. |last2=Desnitskiy |first2=Alexey G. |last3=Michod |first3=Richard E. |journal=Journal of Phycology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=316–324 }}</ref> Therefore, in 2015 [[Hisayoshi Nozaki]] and colleagues emended the sections.<ref name=Nozaki2015>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0142632 |doi-access= free |title= Delineating a New Heterothallic Species of Volvox (Volvocaceae, Chlorophyceae) Using New Strains of "Volvox africanus" |date= 2015 |last1= Nozaki |first1= Hisayoshi |last2= Matsuzaki |first2= Ryo |last3= Yamamoto |first3= Kayoko |last4= Kawachi |first4= Masanobu |last5= Takahashi |first5= Fumio |journal= PLOS ONE |volume= 10 |issue= 11 |pages= e0142632 |bibcode= 2015PLoSO..1042632N |pmc= 4643018 }}</ref>