Editing Vine (section)

== Growth forms ==
[[File:Vine-1.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Convolvulus]] vine twining around a steel [[fixed ladder]]]]
[[Image:Schornstein Kletterpflanze Meidling.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Boston ivy]] covering a chimney]]

Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, [[poison ivy]] and [[Solanum dulcamara|bittersweet]] can grow as low shrubs when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creepers|url=http://www.mannuthynursery.com/creepers.php|publisher=mannuthynursery|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916093245/http://www.mannuthynursery.com/creepers.php|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

A vine displays a growth form based on very long stems. This has two purposes. A vine may use rock exposures, other plants, or other supports for growth rather than investing energy in a lot of supportive tissue, enabling the plant to reach sunlight with a minimum investment of energy. This has been a highly successful growth form for plants such as [[kudzu]] and [[Japanese honeysuckle]], both of which are [[invasive exotic]]s in parts of North America. There are some tropical vines that develop skototropism, and grow away from the light, a type of negative [[phototropism]]. Growth away from light allows the vine to reach a tree trunk, which it can then climb to brighter regions.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Janice |last1=Glimn-Lacy |first2=Peter B. |last2=Kaufman |url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-28875-9 |title=Botany Illustrated |publisher=Springer |year=2006|doi=10.1007/0-387-28875-9 |isbn=978-0-387-28870-3 }}</ref>

The vine growth form may also enable plants to colonize large areas quickly, even without climbing high. This is the case with [[Vinca|periwinkle]] and [[ground ivy]]. It is also an adaptation to life in areas where small patches of fertile soil are adjacent to exposed areas with more sunlight but little or no soil. A vine can root in the soil but have most of its leaves in the brighter, exposed area, getting the best of both environments.

The evolution of a climbing habit has been implicated as a key innovation associated with the evolutionary success and diversification of a number of taxonomic groups of plants.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2827 |pmc=1691831 |last=Gianoli |first=Ernesto |title=Evolution of a climbing habit promotes diversification in flowering plants |year=2004 |volume=271 |issue=1552 |pages=2011–2015 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |pmid=15451690 |jstor=4142967}}</ref> It has evolved independently in several plant families, using many different climbing methods,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecology.info/vines.htm |title=Vine Ecology |first=Francis E. |last=Putz |access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> such as:
* twining the stem around a support (e.g., morning glories, ''[[Ipomoea]]'' species)
* by way of adventitious, clinging roots (e.g., ivy, ''[[Hedera]]'' species)
* with twining petioles (e.g., ''[[Clematis]]'' species)
* using [[tendril]]s, which can be specialized shoots ([[Vitaceae]]), leaves ([[Bignoniaceae]]), or even inflorescences (''[[Passiflora]]'')
* using tendrils which also produce adhesive pads at the end that attach themselves quite strongly to the support (''[[Parthenocissus]]'')
* using thorns (e.g. climbing rose) or other hooked structures, such as hooked branches (e.g. ''[[Artabotrys hexapetalus]]'')

The climbing fetterbush (''[[Pieris phillyreifolia]]'') is a woody shrub-vine which climbs without clinging roots, tendrils, or thorns. It directs its stem into a crevice in the bark of fibrous barked trees (such as [[bald cypress]]) where the stem adopts a flattened profile and grows up the tree underneath the host tree's outer bark. The fetterbush then sends out branches that emerge near the top of the tree.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weakley |first=Alan |url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/WeakleyFlora2010Mar.pdf |title=Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States |year=2010 |page=661 |access-date=25 January 2011 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722005826/http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/WeakleyFlora2010Mar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or [[liana]]s, such as [[Akebia quinata|akebia]] [[wisteria]], [[kiwifruit]], and [[Hedera|common ivy]], and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as [[morning glory]].

One odd group of vining plants is the fern genus ''Lygodium'', called [[climbing fern]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese climbing fern|url=https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/lygodium-japonicum/|publisher=Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants|access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref> The stem does not climb, but rather the fronds (leaves) do. The fronds unroll from the tip, and theoretically never stop growing; they can form thickets as they unroll over other plants, rockfaces, and fences.

[[File:Helix diagram-de.png|left|200px|thumb|'''L''': A left-handed bine grows in an [[anticlockwise]] direction (viewed from the point of view of the plant: [[Yarn#Structure|S-twist]]).
{{br}}'''R''': A right-handed bine grows in a [[clockwise]] direction. ([[Yarn#Structure|Z-twist]])<ref name="Haldeman">{{cite web|last1=Haldeman|first1=Jan|title=As the vine twines|url=http://www.namethatplant.net/article_asthevinetwines.shtml|website=Native and Naturalized Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Weakley|first1=Alan S.|title=Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States|date=May 2015|publisher=UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>]]

===Twining vines===
{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 175
 | image1 = Fockea edulis 07 ies.jpg
 | caption1 = Twining vine / bine (''[[Fockea|Fockea edulis]]'')
 | image2 = Brunnichia_ovata.jpg
 | caption2 = Tendril-supported vine (''[[Brunnichia|Brunnichia ovata]]'')
}}
A twining vine, also known as a '''bine''', is one that climbs by its shoots growing in a [[helix]], in contrast to vines that climb using tendrils or suckers. Many bines have rough stems or downward-pointing bristles to aid their grip. [[Humulus|Hops]] (used in flavoring beer) are a commercially important example of a bine.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bine ''bine''] at [[Merriam-Webster]]</ref><ref>[http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-25406-cone-heads.html Cone Heads] at ''[[Willamette Week]]''</ref>

The direction of rotation of the shoot tip during climbing is autonomous and does not (as sometimes imagined) derive from the shoot's following the sun around the sky – the direction of twist does not therefore depend upon which side of the equator the plant is growing on. This is shown by the fact that some bines always twine clockwise, including runner bean (''[[Phaseolus coccineus]]'') and bindweed (''[[Convolvulus]]'' species), while others twine anticlockwise, including black bryony (''[[Dioscorea communis]]'') and climbing honeysuckles (''[[Lonicera]]'' species). The contrasting rotations of bindweed and honeysuckle was the theme of the satirical song "Misalliance", written and sung by [[Flanders and Swann|Michael Flanders and Donald Swann]] (but the lyrics confuse the direction of twining, describing honeysuckle as right-handed and bindweed as left-handed).<ref>[https://www.flashlyrics.com/lyrics/flanders-and-swann/misalliance-72 Misalliance]</ref>