Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
Niidae Wiki
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Vicksburg, Mississippi
(section)
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
==History== ===First people=== The area that is now Vicksburg was long occupied by the [[Natchez people|Natchez]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] as part of their historical territory along the Mississippi. The Natchez spoke a language isolate not related to the [[Muskogean languages]] of the other major tribes in the area. Before the Natchez, other indigenous cultures had occupied this strategic area for thousands of years. ===European settlement=== The first [[European Americans|Europeans]] who settled the area were [[French people|French]] colonists who built [[Fort St. Pierre Site|Fort Saint Pierre]] in 1719 on the high bluffs overlooking the Yazoo River at present-day [[Redwood, Mississippi|Redwood]]. They conducted [[fur trading]] with the Natchez and others, and started plantations. On 29 November 1729, the Natchez [[Natchez revolt|attacked]] the fort and plantations in and around the present-day city of [[Natchez, Mississippi|Natchez]]. They murdered several hundred settlers, including [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary Paul Du Poisson. As was the custom, they violently took a number of women and children as captives, adopting them into their families. The Natchez War was a disaster for French Louisiana, and the colonial population of the Natchez District never recovered. Aided by the [[Choctaw]], traditional enemies of the Natchez, though, the French defeated and scattered the Natchez and their allies, the [[Yazoo tribe|Yazoo]]. The Choctaw Nation took over the area by right of conquest and inhabited it for several decades. Under pressure from the US government, the Choctaw agreed to cede nearly {{convert|2000000|acre|km2}} of land to the US under the terms of the [[Treaty of Fort Adams]] in 1801. The treaty was the first of a series that eventually led to the [[Indian Removal|removal]] of most of the Choctaw to [[Indian Territory]] west of the Mississippi River in 1830. Some Choctaw remained in Mississippi, citing article XIV of the [[Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek]]; they became citizens of the state and the United States. They struggled to maintain their culture against the pressure of the binary slave society, which classified people as only white or black. In 1790, the Spanish founded a military outpost on the site, which they called [[Fort Nogales]] (''nogales'' meaning "walnut trees"). When the Americans took possession in 1798 following the [[American Revolutionary War]] and a treaty with Spain, they changed the name to [[Walnut Hills (Mississippi)|Walnut Hills]]. The small village was incorporated in 1825 as Vicksburg, named after Newitt Vick, a [[Methodist]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] who had established a Protestant mission on the site.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ia803400.us.archive.org/9/items/picturesquevicks00chap/picturesquevicks00chap.pdf |title=Picturesque Vicksburg and the Yazoo Delta |publisher=Vicksburg Printing and Publishing Co. |year=1895 |pages=11}}</ref> [[File:Vicksburg_gambler_hanging_1835.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the hanging of five gamblers in Vicksburg in 1835]] [[File:View_of_Vicksburg,_Mississippi.jpg|right|thumb|View of Vicksburg in 1855]] The town of Vicksburg was incorporated in 1825, with a population of 3,000 people; of which approximately twenty people were [[Jewish views on slavery|Jewish]] and had immigrated from [[Bavaria]], [[Prussia]], and [[Alsace–Lorraine]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Anshe Chesed Cemetery |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/5425f993-11ba-4ce7-b1ac-4039dfad9af6 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=National Park Service |archive-date=May 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514053544/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/5425f993-11ba-4ce7-b1ac-4039dfad9af6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vicksburgpost.com">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 10, 2022 |title=Looking Back: B.B. Club is but one branch of Vicksburg's Jewish roots |url=https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2022/08/10/looking-back-b-b-club-is-but-one-branch-of-vicksburgs-jewish-roots/ |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=The Vicksburg Post |language=en |archive-date=May 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515100037/https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2022/08/10/looking-back-b-b-club-is-but-one-branch-of-vicksburgs-jewish-roots/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1835, during the [[John Murrell (bandit)|Murrell Excitement]], a mob from Vicksburg attempted to expel the gamblers from the city, because the citizens were tired of the rougher element treating the city residents with contempt. They captured and hanged five gamblers who had shot and killed a local doctor.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE VICKSBURG FLATBOAT WAR OF 1838 AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SUBMERGED LANDS LAW IN MISSISSIPPI |url=http://masglp.olemiss.edu/Water%20Log/WL18/wlvicks.htm |access-date=June 13, 2014 |website=Masglp.olemiss.edu |archive-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723233136/http://masglp.olemiss.edu/Water%20Log/WL18/wlvicks.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Historian Joshua D. Rothman calls this event "the deadliest outbreak of extralegal violence in the slave states between the [[Southampton Insurrection]] and the Civil War."<ref>{{cite book |author=Rothman, Joshua D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZR9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 |title=Flush Times and Fever Dreams: A Story of Capitalism and Slavery in the Age of Jackson |date=November 1, 2012 |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]] |isbn=978-0-8203-3326-7 |page=249 |access-date=January 28, 2018 |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315050835/https://books.google.com/books?id=cZR9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1862, fifty Jewish families formed the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Anshe Chesed in Vicksburg, and received a charter from the state.<ref name="vicksburgpost.com"/> Two years later in 1864, the [[Anshe Chesed Cemetery]] was formed, and it was the second [[Jewish cemetery]] in the city; not much is known about the first Jewish cemetery.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Surratt |first=John |date=August 1, 2021 |title=Windows from historic Vicksburg Jewish temple up for auction |url=https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2021/08/01/windows-from-historic-vicksburg-jewish-temple-up-for-auction/ |website=The Vicksburg Post |access-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209090808/https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2021/08/01/windows-from-historic-vicksburg-jewish-temple-up-for-auction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Confederate president, [[Jefferson Davis]], was based at his family plantation at [[Brierfield Plantation|Brierfield]], just south of the city. ===Civil War=== During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city finally surrendered during the [[Siege of Vicksburg]], after which the [[Union Army]] gained control of the entire Mississippi River. The 47-day siege was intended to starve the city into submission. Its location atop a high bluff overlooking the Mississippi River proved otherwise impregnable to assault by federal troops. The surrender of Vicksburg by Confederate General [[John C. Pemberton]] on July 4, 1863, together with the defeat of General [[Robert E. Lee]] at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] the day before, has historically marked the [[Turning point of the American Civil War|turning point]] of the Civil War in the Union's favor. From the surrender of Vicksburg until the end of the war in 1865, the area was under Union military occupation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=Gordon |title=With Malice Toward Some : The Military Occupation of Vicksburg, 1864 - 1865 |last2=Mason |first2=Ralph |publisher=Vicksburg and Warren County Historical Society |year=1991}}</ref> Celebrations of the 4th of July, the day of surrender, were irregular until 1947. The ''[[Vicksburg Evening Post]]'' of July 4, 1883, called July 4 "the day we don't celebrate",<ref>{{cite news |date=July 4, 1883 |title=Local Items |page=4 |newspaper=Vicksburg Evening Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34831371/vicksburg_doesnt_celebrate_july_4/ |access-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812221924/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34831371/vicksburg_doesnt_celebrate_july_4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and another Vicksburg newspaper, the ''Daily Commercial Appeal'', in 1888 hoped that a political victory would bring an enthusiastic celebration the following year.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 4, 1888 |title=The Fourth of July |page=2 |newspaper=Daily Commercial Herald (Vicksburg, Mississippi) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34831639/vicksburg_4th_of_july/ |access-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812221928/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34831639/vicksburg_4th_of_july/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1902, the 4th of July saw only "a parade of colored draymen".<ref>{{cite news |date=July 6, 1912 |title=10 Years Ago in Vicksburg |page=6 |newspaper=Vicksburg Evening Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34832616/4th_of_july_in_vicksburg/ |access-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812221923/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34832616/4th_of_july_in_vicksburg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1947, the Jackson ''Clarion-Ledger'' stated that the city of Vicksburg did not celebrate the 4th of July again until 1945, and then it was celebrated as Confederate Carnival Day.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 8, 1947 |title=Vicksburg plans big things for Confederate carnival |page=19 |newspaper=[[Clarion-Ledger]] ([[Jackson, Mississippi]]) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34828644/vicksburg_and_fourth_of_july/ |access-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812221927/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34828644/vicksburg_and_fourth_of_july/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A recent scholar disagrees, stating that large Fourth of July celebrations were being held by 1907, and informal celebrations before that.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waldrep |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esDgeo7QYJEC&q=vicksburg+++celebrate+4th+of+July+newspapers&pg=PA247 |title=Vicksburg's Long Shadow: The Civil War Legacy Of Race And Remembrance |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2005 |isbn=978-0742548688 |page=247 |access-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315050501/https://books.google.com/books?id=esDgeo7QYJEC&q=vicksburg+++celebrate+4th+of+July+newspapers&pg=PA247#v=snippet&q=vicksburg%20%20%20celebrate%204th%20of%20July%20newspapers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Historian Michael G. Ballard, in his ''Vicksburg'' campaign history, pp. 420-21, claims that this story has little foundation in fact. Although it is unknown whether city officials sanctioned the day as a local holiday, Southern observances of July 4 were for many years characterized more by family picnics than by formal city or county activities.</ref> A large parade was held in 1890.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 5, 1910 |title=20 Years Ago in Vicksburg |page=3 |newspaper=Vicksburg Evening Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34832901/vicksburg_4th_of_july_1890/ |access-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812221925/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34832901/vicksburg_4th_of_july_1890/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Loss of Mississippi access and commercial status=== [[File:Mississippi_River_floating_dry_dock_-_Vicksburg.jpg|thumb|Floating [[drydock]] in Vicksburg, circa 1905]] Because of Vicksburg's location on the Mississippi River, it built extensive trade from the prodigious [[steamboat]] traffic in the 19th century. It shipped out cotton coming to it from surrounding counties and was a major trading city in West Central Mississippi. However, in 1876, a Mississippi River flood cut off the large [[meander]] next to Vicksburg through the De Soto Point, which changed the Mississippi River's course away from the city. Vicksburg only retained access to an [[oxbow lake]] formed from the old channel of the river, which effectively isolated the city from accessing the Mississippi riverfront. The city's economy suffered greatly due to the lack of a functional river port; Vicksburg would not be a river town again until the completion of the Yazoo Diversion Canal in 1903 by the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 27, 2003 |title=Water Returned to City's Doorstep 100 Years Ago |url=https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2003/01/27/water-returned-to-citys-doorstep-100-years-ago/ |access-date=December 26, 2020 |publisher=Vicksburg Post |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518224039/https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2003/01/27/water-returned-to-citys-doorstep-100-years-ago/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Political and racial unrest after Civil War=== {{See also|Vicksburg massacre}} In the first few years after the Civil War, white Confederate veterans developed the [[Ku Klux Klan]], beginning in Tennessee; it had chapters throughout the South and attacked freedmen and their supporters. It was suppressed about 1870. By the mid-1870s, new white [[paramilitary]] groups had arisen in the [[Deep South]], including the [[Red Shirts (Southern United States)|Red Shirts]] in Mississippi, as whites struggled to regain political and social power over the black majority. Elections were marked by violence and fraud as white Democrats worked to suppress black Republican voting. In August 1874, a black sheriff, [[Peter Crosby (sheriff)|Peter Crosby]], was elected in Vicksburg. Letters by a white planter, Batchelor, detail the preparations of whites for what he described as a "race war," including acquisition of the newest Winchester guns. On December 7, 1874, white men disrupted a black Republican meeting celebrating Crosby's victory and held him in custody before running him out of town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hahn |first=Steven |title=A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |pages=297}}</ref> He advised blacks from rural areas to return home; along the way, some were attacked by armed whites. During the next several days, armed white mobs swept through black areas, killing other men at home or out in the fields, in what would come to be known as the [[Vicksburg massacre]]. Sources differ as to total fatalities, with 29–50 blacks and 2 whites reported dead at the time. Twenty-first-century historian Emilye Crosby estimates that 300 blacks were killed in the city and the surrounding area of [[Claiborne County, Mississippi]].<ref name="crosby">[https://books.google.com/books?id=C4Jio5kajiwC Emilye Crosby, ''Little Taste of Freedom: The Black Freedom Struggle in Claiborne County, Mississippi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430172427/https://books.google.com/books?id=C4Jio5kajiwC |date=April 30, 2023 }}, Univ of North Carolina Press, 2006, p. 3</ref> The Red Shirts were active in Vicksburg and other Mississippi areas, and black pleas to the federal government for protection were not met. At the request of Republican Governor [[Adelbert Ames]], who had left the state during the violence, President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] sent federal troops to Vicksburg in January 1875. In addition, a congressional committee investigated what was called the "Vicksburg Riot" at the time (and reported as the "Vicksburg massacre" by northern newspapers.) Testimony from both black and white residents was given, as reported by the ''New York Times'', but no one was ever prosecuted for the deaths. The Red Shirts and other white [[insurgents]] suppressed Republican voting by both whites and blacks; smaller-scale riots were staged in the state up to the 1875 elections, at which time white Democrats regained control of a majority of seats in the state legislature. Under new constitutions, amendments and laws passed between 1890 in Mississippi and 1908 in the remaining southern states, white Democrats [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] most blacks and many poor whites by creating barriers to voter registration, such as [[Poll tax (United States)|poll taxes]], [[literacy test]]s, and [[grandfather clause]]s. They passed [[Jim Crow laws]] through which they imposed racial segregation of public facilities. In 1908, a publication documented some of Vicksburg's leading African Americans including lawyer and banker [[W. E. Mollison]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_leading_Afro-Americans_of_Vicksburg,_Miss.,_their_enterprises,_churches,_schools,_lodges_and_societies;_(IA_leadingafroameri00moll).pdf&page=21 |title=The leading Afro-Americans of Vicksburg, Miss., their enterprises, churches, schools, lodges and societies |access-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225170259/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_leading_Afro-Americans_of_Vicksburg,_Miss.,_their_enterprises,_churches,_schools,_lodges_and_societies;_(IA_leadingafroameri00moll).pdf&page=21 |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 12, 1894, the popular soft drink [[Coca-Cola]] was bottled for the first time in Vicksburg by [[Joseph A. Biedenharn]], a local [[Confectionery|confectioner]]. Today, surviving 19th-century Biedenharn [[Soft drink|soda]] [[bottle]]s are prized by collectors of Coca-Cola memorabilia. The original candy store has been renovated and is used as the Biedenharn Coca-Cola Museum. ===20th century=== [[File:Mississippi_River_Commission_building_in_Vicksburg.jpg|thumb|Mississippi River Commission building, built 1894]] [[File:Mississippi - Vicksburg - NARA - 23941741 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view, 1932]] The exclusion of most blacks from the political system lasted for decades until after Congressional passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s. [[Lynching in the United States|Lynchings]] of blacks and other forms of white racial terrorism against them continued to occur in Vicksburg after the start of the 20th century. In May 1903, for instance, two black men charged with murdering a planter were taken from jail by a mob of 200 farmers and lynched before they could go to trial.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 4, 1903 |title=Lynched for Murder… |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E7DA1F30E733A25757C0A9639C946297D6CF&scp=8&sq=vicksburg+lynched&st=p |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032444/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E7DA1F30E733A25757C0A9639C946297D6CF&scp=8&sq=vicksburg+lynched&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1919, as many as a thousand white men broke down three sets of steel doors to abduct, hang, burn and shoot a black prisoner, Lloyd Clay, who was falsely accused of raping a white woman.<ref name="AC Clay">{{cite news |date=May 15, 1919 |title=Mob uses Rope, to Lynch Negro |newspaper=Atlanta Constitution}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |url=https://archive.org/details/redsummersummero0000mcwh |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |page=[https://archive.org/details/redsummersummero0000mcwh/page/51 51] |url-access=registration}}</ref> From 1877 to 1950 in Warren County, 14 African Americans were lynched by whites, most in the decades near the turn of the century.<ref name="eji">{{cite web |title=''Lynching in America'', 3rd edition, 2017; SUPPLEMENT: Lynchings by County, p. 7 |url=https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-third-edition-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063004/https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-third-edition-summary.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2017 |access-date=January 25, 2019 |website=Eji.org}}</ref> The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] diverted the Yazoo River in 1903 into the old, shallowing channel to revive the waterfront of Vicksburg. The port city was able to receive steamboats again, but much freight and passenger traffic had moved to railroads, which had become more competitive. Railroad access to the west across the river continued to be by transfer steamers and ferry [[barges]] until a combination railroad-highway bridge was built in 1929. After 1973, [[Interstate 20]] bridged the river. Freight rail traffic still crosses by the old bridge. North-south transportation links are by the Mississippi River and [[U.S. Highway 61]]. Vicksburg has the only crossing over the Mississippi River between [[Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville]] and Natchez, and the only interstate highway crossing of the river between [[Baton Rouge]] and [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]. During the [[Great Mississippi Flood of 1927]], in which hundreds of thousands of acres were inundated, Vicksburg served as the primary gathering point for refugees. Relief parties put up temporary housing, as the flood submerged a large percentage of the [[Mississippi Delta]]. Because of the overwhelming damage from the flood, the US Army Corps of Engineers established the Waterways Experiment Station as the primary hydraulics laboratory, to develop protection of important croplands and cities. Now known as the [[Engineer Research and Development Center]], it applies military engineering, information technology, environmental engineering, hydraulic engineering, and geotechnical engineering to problems of flood control and river navigation. In December 1953, a [[1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado outbreak|severe tornado]] swept across Vicksburg, causing 38 deaths and destroying nearly 1,000 buildings.{{wide image|Vicksburg 1910 LOC pan 6a13672.jpg|1600px|A 1910 panorama|align-cap=center}}During World War II, cadets from the Royal Air Force, flying from their training base at Terrell, Texas, routinely flew to Vicksburg on training flights. The town served as a stand-in for the British for Cologne, Germany, which is the same distance from London, England as Vicksburg is from Terrell.<ref>[[AT6 Monument]]</ref> Particularly after World War II, in which many blacks served, returning veterans began to be active in the civil rights movement, wanting to have full citizenship after fighting in the war. In Mississippi, activists in the Vicksburg Movement became prominent during the 1960s. ===Early 21st century=== In 2001, a group of Vicksburg residents visited the [[Paducah, Kentucky#Contemporary Paducah|Paducah, Kentucky, mural project]], looking for ideas for their own community development.<ref>[http://www.riverfrontmurals.com/muralcommunity.htm "It Took A Community To Raise A Mural!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715190931/http://www.riverfrontmurals.com/muralcommunity.htm |date=July 15, 2011 }}, Vicksburg Riverfront Murals</ref> In 2002, the Vicksburg Riverfront [[mural]]s program was begun by [[Louisiana]] mural artist [[Robert Dafford]] and his team on the floodwall located on the waterfront in downtown.<ref name="riverfrontmurals.com">[http://www.riverfrontmurals.com/indexmain.htm "Celebrating Vicksburg: A Great American Community"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715190937/http://www.riverfrontmurals.com/indexmain.htm |date=July 15, 2011 }}, Vicksburg Riverfront Murals</ref> Subjects for the murals were drawn from the history of Vicksburg and the surrounding area. They include President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s bear hunt, the [[Sultana (steamboat)|''Sultana'']], the [[Sprague (towboat)|''Sprague'']], the [[Siege of Vicksburg]], the [[Kings Crossing site]], [[Willie Dixon]], the [[Great Mississippi Flood of 1927|Flood of 1927]], the [[1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado]], [[Rosa A. Temple High School]] (known for integration activism) and the [[Vicksburg National Military Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vicksburg Riverfront Murals |url=http://www.riverfrontmurals.com/muralssponsors.htm |access-date=January 25, 2019 |website=Riverfrontmurals.com |archive-date=August 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821141045/http://www.riverfrontmurals.com/muralssponsors.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The project was finished in 2009 with the completion of the Jitney Jungle/Glass Kitchen mural.<ref name="riverfrontmurals.com" /> In the fall of 2010, a new 55-foot mural was painted on a section of wall on Grove Hill across the street from the original project by former Dafford muralists Benny Graeff and [[Herb Roe]]. The mural's subject is the annual "Run thru History" held in the Vicksburg National Military Park.<ref>{{cite web |title=081110 |url=https://issuu.com/vicksburgpost/docs/081110 |access-date=January 25, 2019 |website=Issuu.com |date=August 11, 2010 |archive-date=March 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315040917/https://issuu.com/vicksburgpost/docs/081110 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=101310 |url=https://issuu.com/vicksburgpost/docs/101310 |access-date=January 25, 2019 |website=Issuu.com |date=October 13, 2010 |archive-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319095700/https://issuu.com/vicksburgpost/docs/101310 |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 6–7, 2014, a symposium was held on the 140th anniversary of the 1874 riots. A variety of scholars gave papers and an open panel discussion was held on the second day at the Vicksburg National Military Park, in collaboration with the Jacqueline House African American Museum.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/news/1874-vicksburg-riots-140th-anniversary-symposium.htm "140th Anniversary Vicksburg Riots Symposium"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927171959/http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/news/1874-vicksburg-riots-140th-anniversary-symposium.htm |date=September 27, 2015 }}, Press release, 6 November 2014, National Park Service, accessed June 15, 2015</ref>
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to Niidae Wiki may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
Encyclopedia:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Search
Search
Editing
Vicksburg, Mississippi
(section)
Add topic