Editing Veterinary medicine (section)

== History ==

===Premodern era===
Archeological evidence, in the form of a cow skull upon which [[trepanation]] had been performed, shows that people were performing veterinary procedures in the [[Neolithic]] (3400–3000 BCE).<ref>{{cite journal |title = Earliest Animal Cranial Surgery: from Cow to Man in the Neolithic|last1 = Ramirez Rozzi|first1 = Fernando|last2 = Froment|first2=Alain|journal = Scientific Reports|volume = 8|issue = 1|pages = 5536|date = 19 April 2018|doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-23914-1|pmid = 29674628|pmc = 5908843|bibcode = 2018NatSR...8.5536R}}</ref> 
[[File:PKahun LV2.jpg|thumb|300px|Fragments of the ''Kahun Papyrus'' on [[veterinary]] medicine, early second millennium BCE]]
The [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] ''Papyrus of Kahun'' ([[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt]]) is the first extant record of veterinary medicine.{{Sfn|Thrusfield|2007|p=2}}

The ''[[Shalihotra Samhita]]'', dating from the time of [[Ashoka]], is an early Indian veterinary treatise. The [[edicts of Asoka]] read: "Everywhere King Piyadasi ([[Asoka]]) made two kinds of medicine (चिकित्सा) available, medicine for people, and medicine for animals. Where no [[Herbal medicine|healing herbs]] for people and animals were available, he ordered that they be bought and planted."{{Sfn|Finger|2001|p=12}}<!-- better translation -->
[[File:HippiatricaParisGr2244Fo74v.jpg|thumb|upright|Manuscript page of ''[[Hippiatrica]]'' (14th century)]]
''[[Hippiatrica]]'' is a Byzantine compilation of hippiatrics, dated to the fifth or sixth century AD.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Scarborough|first1=John|title=Hippiatrica|date=2005-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2310|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001|isbn=9780195046526|access-date=2019-09-27|last2=Cutler|first2=Anthony}}</ref>

The first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance. In the [[Middle Ages]], farriers combined their work in [[horseshoe]]ing with the more general task of "horse doctoring".
The Arabic tradition of ''[[Furusiyya|Bayṭara]]'', or ''Shiyāt al-Khayl'', originates with the treatise of Ibn Akhī Hizām (fl. late ninth century).

In 1356, the [[Lord Mayor of London]], [[Henry Picard (Lord Mayor)|Sir Henry Picard]], concerned at the poor standard of care given to horses in the city, requested that all farriers operating within a 7-mile (11-km) radius of the [[City of London]] form a "fellowship" to regulate and improve their practices. This ultimately led to the establishment of the [[Worshipful Company of Farriers]] in 1674.<ref>Hunter, Pamela (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TLyFllgGgu0C&pg=PA4 ''Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources''], p. 1. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</ref>

Meanwhile, [[Carlo Ruini]]'s book {{Lang|it|Anatomia del Cavallo}} (''Anatomy of the Horse'') was published in 1598. It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a nonhuman species.<ref>Wernham, R. B. (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA472 ''The New Cambridge Modern History: The Counter-Reformation and price revolution, 1559–1610'', Volume 3], p. 472. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
[[File:Eye_operation_on_a_horse.jpg|thumb|Page from an 18th-century manuscript of ''[[Shalihotra|Shalihotra Samhita]]'', showing an eye operation on a horse]]

===Establishment of profession===
[[File:Bourgelat.png|thumb|200px|[[Claude Bourgelat]] established the earliest veterinary school in [[Lyon]] in 1762.]]
The first veterinary school was founded in [[Lyon]], France, in 1762 by [[Claude Bourgelat]].<ref>Marc Mammerickx, ''Claude Bourgelat: avocat des vétérinaires'', Bruxelles 1971</ref> According to Lupton,<ref name=":0" /> after observing the devastation being caused by [[cattle plague]] to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. This resulted in founding a veterinary school in Lyon in 1761, from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease; in a short time, the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored, through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art.<ref name=":0">J.L.Lupton, "Modern Practical Farriery", 1879, in the section: "The Diseases of Cattle Sheep and Pigs" pp.&nbsp;1</ref> The school received immediate international recognition in the 18th century and its pedagogical model drew on the existing fields of human medicine, [[natural history]], and [[comparative anatomy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Heintzman|first1=Kit|title=A cabinet of the ordinary: domesticating veterinary education, 1766–1799|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|volume=51|issue=2|pages=239–260|date=2018|doi=10.1017/S0007087418000274|pmid=29665887|s2cid=4947361 }}</ref>

The Swedish veterinary education received funding 1774, and was officially started May 8th 1775 when the king Gustaf III signed the document.<ref name="Riksarkivet">{{cite web |title=Peter (Pehr) Hernquist |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/12930 |website=Riksarkivet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Om Hernquist |url=https://www.slu.se/om-slu/orter/skara/hernquistdagen2/om-hernquist/ |website=SLU.SE |publisher=Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dyrendahl |first1=Ivar |title=Peter Hernquist från Härlunda |date=1996 |publisher=eterinärhistoriska muséets meddelandeserie, meddelande nr 38 |ref=ISSN 0282-3055}}</ref>
[[:sv:Peter Hernquist|Peter Hernquist]], who had studied for [[Carl Linnaeus|Carl von Linné]] in Uppsala, and also studied in Lyon with [[Claude Bourgelat]], was head of school and is considered father of veterinary medicine in Sweden. 

The [[Odiham Agricultural Society]] was founded in 1783 in England to promote [[agriculture]] and [[manufacturing|industry]],<ref name="Pugh">{{Citation|author=Pugh, L.P |date=1962 |title=From Farriery to Veterinary Medicine 1785–1795 |publisher=Heffner, Cambridge (for RCVS)|pages=8–19}}</ref> and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain. A founding member, [[Thomas Burgess (bishop, born 1756)|Thomas Burgess]], began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals.<ref>{{Citation|author=Cotchen, Ernest |date=1990 |title=The Royal Veterinary College London, A Bicentenary History |publisher=Barracuda Books Ltd|pages=11–13}}</ref> A 1785 society meeting resolved to "promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles."

Physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled ''Prevention of Disease'' in which he argued for the professionalization of the veterinary trade, and the establishment of veterinary colleges. This was finally achieved in 1790, through the campaigning of [[Granville Penn]], who persuaded Frenchman Benoit Vial de St. Bel to accept the professorship of the newly established veterinary college in London.<ref name="Pugh" /> The [[Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons]] was established by [[royal charter]] in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with notable contributions from Sir John McFadyean, credited by many as having been the founder of modern veterinary research.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/110501u.aspx|title=Exacting researcher brought profession into modern age|date=18 April 2011 |publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association}}</ref>

In the United States, the first schools were established in the early 19th century in [[Boston]], New York City, and [[Philadelphia]]. In 1879, [[Iowa Agricultural College]] became the first [[land grant college|land-grant college]] to establish a school of veterinary medicine.<ref>Widder, Keith R. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aAIB3DC5KR8C&pg=PA107 ''Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution Of A Land-Grant Philosophy, 1855–1925'']{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 107. MSU Press</ref>