Editing Vasily II of Moscow (section)

==Reign==
{{refimprove section|date=April 2024}}
===First ten years of struggle===
{{further|Muscovite War of Succession}}
Vasily&nbsp;II was the youngest son of [[Vasily I of Moscow]] by [[Sophia of Lithuania]], the only daughter of [[Vytautas the Great]], and the only son to survive his father (his elder brother Ivan died in 1417 at the age of 22). On his father's death Vasily II was proclaimed Grand Duke at the age of 10. His mother acted as a regent. His uncle, [[Yuri of Zvenigorod]] (the prince of [[Galich-Mersky]]), and his two sons, [[Vasily Kosoy]] ("the Cross-Eyed") and [[Dmitry Shemyaka]], seized on the opportunity to advance their own claims to the throne. These claims were based on the Testament of [[Dmitry Donskoy]], Yuri's father and Vasily&nbsp;II's grandfather, who had stated that if Vasily I died Yuri would succeed his appanage. However, Dmitri had written the testament when Vasily&nbsp;I had no children of his own, and it might be argued that this provision had been made only for the case of Vasily&nbsp;I's childless death. Vasily&nbsp;II's claim was supported by Vytautas, his maternal grandfather.

Upon Vytautas' death in 1430, Yuri went to the [[Golden Horde]], returning with a license to take the Moscow throne. But the Khan did not support him any further, largely due to the devices of the [[Smolensk]] princeling and Moscow [[boyar]]in Ivan Vsevolzhsky. When Yuri assembled an army and attacked Moscow, Vasily&nbsp;II, betrayed by Vsevolzhsky, was defeated and captured by his enemies in 1433. Upon being proclaimed the grand prince of Moscow, Yuri pardoned his nephew and sent him to reign in the town of [[Kolomna]]. That proved to be a mistake, as Vasily&nbsp;II immediately started to plot against his uncle and gather all sort of malcontents. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Yuri resigned and then left Moscow for his northern hometown. When Vasily II returned to Moscow, he had  Vsevolzhsky blinded as a traitor.

Meanwhile, Yuri's claim was inherited by his sons who decided to continue the fight. They managed to defeat Vasily II, who had to seek refuge in the Golden Horde. After  Yuri died in 1434, Vasili the Cross-Eyed entered the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] and was proclaimed new Grand Duke. Dmitry Shemyaka, who had his own plans for the throne, quarreled with his brother and concluded an alliance with Vasily&nbsp;II. Together they managed to banish Vasily the Cross-Eyed from the Kremlin in 1435. The latter was captured and blinded, which effectively removed him from the contest for the throne.

===Kazan and Shemyaka===
During Vasily II 's reign, the [[Golden Horde]] collapsed and broke up into smaller [[Khanate]]s. Now that his throne was relatively secure, he had to deal with the Tatar threat. In 1439, Vasily II had to flee the capital, when it was besieged by [[Ulugh Muhammad]], ruler of the nascent [[Kazan Khanate]]. Six years later, he personally led his troops against Ulugh Muhammad, but was [[Russo-Kazan Wars|defeated and taken prisoner]]. The Russians were forced to gather an enormous ransom for their prince, so that Vasily II could be released some five months later.

During that time, the control of Moscow passed to Dmitry Shemyaka. Keeping in mind the fate of his own brother, Dmitry had Vasily&nbsp;II blinded and exiled him to [[Uglich]], in 1446; hence, Vasily&nbsp;II's nickname, "the blind". As Vasily&nbsp;II still had a number of supporters in Moscow, Dmitry recalled him from exile and gave him [[Vologda]] as an appanage. That proved to be a mistake, as Vasily II quickly assembled his supporters and regained the throne.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

Vasily&nbsp;II's final victory against his cousin came in the 1450s, when he captured Galich-Mersky and poisoned Dmitry. The latter's children managed to escape to [[Lithuania]]. These events finally put to rest the principle of [[Order of succession#Rota system|collateral succession]], which was a major cause of medieval internecine struggles, and was a definitive victory for the principle of succession from father to son as against the previous practice. This also paved the way for political centralization of power, which was popular in the country at the time.<ref name="intro">{{cite book |last1=Auty |first1=Robert |last2=Obolensky |first2=Dimitri |title=Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28038-9 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0iVBLGd9xEC |language=en}}</ref>

===Later reign and policies===
Now that the war was over, Vasily&nbsp;II eliminated almost all of the small appanages in Moscow principality, so as to strengthen his sovereign authority. His military campaigns of 1441–1460 increased Moscow's hold over [[Suzdal]], the [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]] lands, and the republican governments of [[Novgorod]] and [[Pskov]].

In the meantime, [[Constantinople]] fell to the Turks, and the [[patriarch]] agreed to acknowledge the supremacy of the [[Pope]] in the [[Council of Florence]]. After the death of [[Photius (Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus')|Photius]] in 1431, he was replaced by [[Isidore of Kiev|Isidore]] as metropolitan, a nominee of Byzantium, who took part in the Council of Florence.<ref name="church"/> Upon his return to Moscow, he was dismissed and imprisoned by Vasily, who was opposed to any agreement with western Catholicism.<ref name="church"/> In 1448, a council of Russian bishops elected [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] as the [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], which was tantamount to declaration of independence from the patriarch of [[Constantinople]].<ref name="church">{{cite book |last1=Auty |first1=Robert |last2=Obolensky |first2=Dimitri |title=Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28038-9 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0iVBLGd9xEC |language=en}}</ref> This move further strengthened Moscow's reputation among Orthodox states.

Vasily also adopted the title of [[sovereign of all Russia]] when he returned to the throne, taking inspiration from his uncle Dmitry, and began issuing coins with the title.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alef |first1=Gustave |title=The origins of Muscovite autocracy: the age of Ivan III |date=1986 |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=9783447026062 |pages=41–42}}</ref> The Muscovites began developing an identity of the grand prince as the sovereign and the ruler of all the Russian lands, and Vasily positioned himself as the defender of Orthodoxy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaikhutdinov |first1=Marat |title=Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State |date=23 November 2021 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv249sgn2.14 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv249sgn2.14 |language=en}}</ref>

In his later years, the blind prince was greatly helped by Metropolitan Jonah, boyars, and then by his older son [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan&nbsp;III]] who was styled as co-ruler since the late 1450s. On Vasily&nbsp;II's death in 1462, Ivan III succeeded him as the grand prince of Moscow. Vasily's daughter [[Anna of Ryazan|Anna]] was married to a prince of [[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}