Editing Urology (section)

==Training==
===United States===
As of 2022, there are 146 [[residency (medicine)|residency]] programs that offered 356 categorical positions.<ref name="auanet.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.auanet.org/meetings-and-education/for-residents/urology-and-specialty-matches |title=Urology and Specialty Matches |access-date=2022-09-05 }}</ref> Urology is one of the early match programs, with results given to applicants by early February (6 weeks before NRMP match). Applications are accepted starting Sep 1, with some programs accepting applications until early Jan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/education/accredited-us-urology-programs.cfm|title=American Urological Association - Accredited U.S. Urology Residency Programs|website=Auanet.org}}</ref>

It is a relatively competitive specialty to match into, with only 65.6% of US seniors matching in the 2022 match cycle.<ref name="auajournals.org">{{cite journal |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000002839 |title=Urology Residency Match: Trends and Costs |date=2022 |doi=10.1097/JU.0000000000002839 |access-date=2022-09-05 |last1=Guckien |first1=Zoe |last2=Singh |first2=Nikhi P. |last3=Boyd |first3=Carter J. |last4=Rais-Bahrami |first4=Soroush |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=208 |issue=4 |pages=767–770 |pmid=35748668 |s2cid=249988399 }}</ref> The number of positions has grown from 278 in 2012 to 356 in 2022. Matching is significantly more difficult for IMGs and students who have a year or more off before residency - match rates were 27% and 55% respectively in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urologymatch.com/node/2|title=Urology Residency Guide - Urology Match|website=Urologymatch.com}}</ref>

The medical school environment may also be a factor. A study in 2012 also showed after an analysis of match rates from schools between 2005 and 2009 that 20 schools sent more than 15 students into urology (1 [[standard deviation]] above the [[median]]), with Northwestern University sending 44 students over those five years.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=3058515|year=2010|last1=Kutikov|first1=A|title=The Gatekeeper Disparity: Why Do Some Medical Schools Send More Medical Students into Urology?|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=185|issue=2|pages=647–652|last2=Bonslaver|first2=J|last3=Casey|first3=J. T.|last4=Degrado|first4=J|last5=Dusseault|first5=B. N.|last6=Fox|first6=J. A.|last7=Lashley-Rogers|first7=D|last8=Richardson|first8=I|last9=Smaldone|first9=M. C.|last10=Steinberg|first10=P. L.|last11=Trivedi|first11=D. B.|last12=Routh|first12=J. C.|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.113|pmid=21168862}}</ref>

After urology residency, there are seven subspecialties recognized by the AUA (American Urological Association):
* Oncology
* Calculi
* Female Urology
* Infertility
* Pediatrics
* Transplant (renal)
* Neurourology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urologymatch.com/node/85|title=Urology - An Overview - Urology Match|website=Urologymatch.com|access-date=2016-09-28|archive-date=2022-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819122228/http://www.urologymatch.com/node/85|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
Training is completed through the [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]]<ref name="RACS">{{cite web|url=https://www.surgeons.org/surgical-specialties/urology/|title=Urology|last=(RACS)|first=Royal Australasian College of Surgeons|website=Surgeons.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> (RACS). The program requires six years of full-time training (for those who commenced prior to 2016), or five years for those who commenced after 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usanz.org.au/overview/|title=Overview - Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand|website=Usanz.org.au|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> The program is accredited by the [[Australian Medical Council]].<ref name="RACS"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ama.com.au/careers/pathways/urology|title=Urology|date=2016-02-17|work=Australian Medical Association|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en}}</ref>

===Nepal===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
In Nepal, the formal urologist degree awarded is MCh (Magister Chirurgiae).<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Urology and Kidney Transplant Surgery |url=http://tuth.org.np/?p=291 |website=TUTH |publisher=Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref> This is a three years course post masters and includes thesis and a mandatory publication. This degree is awarded after completing MBBS (four and half year plus a one-year rotatory internship) and MS (Mastery of surgery) in general surgery (three years course). Till now{{when?|date=August 2022}} two universities Tribhuvan University and Kathmandu University as well as two Autonomous institutes BP Koirala Institute of health sciences and National Academy of Medical Sciences (Bir Hospital) run the MCh Urology programme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nams.org.np/about.php | title=NAMS }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iom.edu.np/?page_id=21 |title=About IOM &#124; Institute of Medicine |access-date=2020-09-23 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001183907/http://www.iom.edu.np/?page_id=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This degree is equivalent to Clinical PhD and called as "Chikitsa Bidhyabaridhi" by Tribhuvan University (Government University) and is considered to be the highest degree among the surgical discipline degrees.

===Ethiopia===
In Ethiopia, in 2001, there were only five qualified urologists. All trained abroad, in countries like India, Tanzania and Hungary. Before this chapter all urology cases were managed by general surgeons. The only urological unit in the country was at Tikur Anbessa Tertiary Hospital. The services provided included [[ESWL]] and endo-urology. The urology training program was started in 2009 with a curriculum for general surgeons which had a three-year training program. Up to 2019, six urologists have graduated by this program for general surgeons. The first residency program started accepting general practitioners in 2010 for a five-year program.<ref name="aau.edu.et">{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu.et/chs/|title = College of Health Sciences &#124; Addis Ababa University Sites site|website=Aau.edu.et}}</ref> The first two years were trainings in general surgery, the next three years were dedicated urology training program, which included the same three-year training as of the general surgeons three year curriculum. It started with two residents who graduated in 2015 with a certificate in specialty of urology. Up to 2019, seventeen urologists have graduated from this five-year residency program. From the start these programs in 2009 up to 2019, a total of 23 urologists have been trained in Tikur Anbessa Tertioary Hospital. As of 2020, there were 26 trainees in the programme. All of the urologists who graduated from Tikur Anbessa Tertioary Hospital were as of 2020 working in different parts of the country.<ref name="aau.edu.et"/>