Editing Upwelling (section)

==Mechanisms==
The three main drivers that work together to cause upwelling are [[wind]], [[Coriolis effect]], and [[Ekman transport]]. They operate differently for different types of upwelling, but the general effects are the same.<ref name="Bakun">{{cite journal | last1 = Bakun | first1 = A | year = 1990 | title = Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling | journal = Science | volume = 247 | issue = 4939| pages = 198–201 | doi=10.1126/science.247.4939.198| pmid = 17813287 | bibcode = 1990Sci...247..198B | s2cid = 32516158 }}</ref>  In the overall process of upwelling, winds blow across the sea surface at a particular direction, which causes a wind-water interaction.  As a result of the wind, the water has transported a net of 90 degrees from the direction of the wind due to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport.  Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45-degree angle from the direction of the wind, and the friction between that layer and the layer beneath it causes the successive layers to move in the same direction.  This results in a spiral of water moving down the water column.  Then, it is the Coriolis forces that dictate which way the water will move; in the Northern hemisphere, the water is transported to the right of the direction of the wind.  In the Southern Hemisphere, the water is transported to the left of the wind.<ref name="Chelton">{{cite journal | last1 = Chelton | first1 = DB | last2 = Schlax | first2 = MG | last3 = Freilich | first3 = MH | last4 = Milliff | first4 = RF | year = 2004 | title = Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds | journal = Science | volume = 303 | issue = 5660| pages = 978–983 | doi=10.1126/science.1091901| pmid = 14726595 | bibcode = 2004Sci...303..978C | s2cid = 31502815 }}</ref>  If this net movement of water is divergent, then upwelling of deep water occurs to replace the water that was lost.<ref name="Anderson"/><ref name="Bakun" />