Editing Upanishads (section)

==Etymology==
The [[Sanskrit]] term ''{{IAST|Upaniṣad}}'' originally meant “connection” or “equivalence",{{sfnp|Doniger|Gold|Smith|2023}} but came to be understood as "sitting near a teacher,"{{sfnp|Doniger|Gold|Smith|2023}} from ''upa'' "by" and ''ni-ṣad'' "sit down",<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/upanishad "Upanishad"]. [[Online Etymology Dictionary]].</ref> "sitting down near", referring to the student sitting down near the teacher while receiving spiritual knowledge (Gurumukh).<ref name="EoH 472">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0816073368|pages=472}}</ref> Other dictionary meanings include "esoteric doctrine" and "secret doctrine". [[Monier-Williams]]' ''Sanskrit Dictionary'' notes – "According to native authorities, Upanishad means setting to rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit."{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1976|p=201}}

[[Adi Shankara]]charya explains in his commentary on the [[Katha Upanishad|{{IAST|Kaṭha}}]] and [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] that the word means ''Ātmavidyā'', that is, "knowledge of the [[Atman (Hinduism)|self]]", or ''Brahmavidyā'' "knowledge of Brahman". The word appears in the verses of many Upanishads, such as the fourth verse of the 13th volume in the first chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad. [[Max Müller]] as well as [[Paul Deussen]] translate the word ''Upanishad'' in these verses as "secret doctrine",<ref>Max Müller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n133/mode/2up Chandogya Upanishad 1.13.4], ''The Upanishads'', Part I, Oxford University Press, page 22</ref><ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Volume 1, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 85</ref> Robert Hume translates it as "mystic meaning",<ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n211/mode/2up ''Chandogya Upanishad'' 1.13.4], Oxford University Press, page 190</ref> while [[Patrick Olivelle]] translates it as "hidden connections".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Early Upanishads|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEarlyUpanisads/page/n207/mode/2up|page=185}}</ref>