Editing University of York (section)

==History==
===Origins===
The first petition for the establishment of a university in York was presented to [[James VI and I|James I]] in 1617.<ref name="foundations">{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/about/history/foundations/|title=Our History: Foundations|publisher=University of York|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026131227/https://www.york.ac.uk/about/history/foundations/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1641, a second petition was drawn up but was not delivered due to the [[English Civil War]] in 1642.<ref name="historytimeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/about/history/|title=History of the University|publisher=University of York|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025110239/https://www.york.ac.uk/about/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> A third petition was created in 1647 but was rejected by [[Parliament of England|Parliament]].<ref name="historytimeline" /> In the 1820s there were discussions about the founding of a university in York, but this did not come to fruition owing to the founding of [[Durham University]] in 1832.<ref name="historytimeline" /> In 1903, F. J. Munby and the [[Yorkshire Philosophical Society]], among others, proposed a "Victoria University of Yorkshire".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorksphilsoc.org.uk/history.html|title=The history of the Society|publisher=The Yorkshire Philosophical Society|access-date=18 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827052216/http://www.yorksphilsoc.org.uk/history.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=27 August 2006}}</ref>

[[Oliver Sheldon]] a director of [[Rowntree's]] and co-founder of [[York Civic Trust]], was a driving force behind the campaign to found the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/colleges/goodricke/accommodation/oliver-sheldon/|title=Oliver Sheldon Court|publisher=[[Goodricke College, York|Goodricke College]]|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122003210/http://www.york.ac.uk/colleges/goodricke/accommodation/oliver-sheldon/|archive-date=22 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Establishment===
[[John Bowes Morrell]] was the driving force behind the university's establishment.<ref name="foundations" /> York accepted its first students the year of Morrell's death, 1963, opening with 216 undergraduates, 14 postgraduates, and 28 academic and administrative staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/about/history/1960s/|title=Our History: The 1960s|publisher=University of York|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926154415/https://www.york.ac.uk/about/history/1960s/|url-status=live}}</ref> The university started with six departments: Economics, Education, English, History, Mathematics, Politics.<ref name="historytimeline" /> At the time, the university consisted of three buildings, principally the historic [[King's Manor]] in the city centre and [[Heslington Hall]], which has Tudor foundations and is in the village of Heslington on the edge of York. A year later, work began on purpose-built structures on the Heslington Campus, which now forms the main part of the university.

[[Eric James, Baron James of Rusholme|Baron James of Rusholme]], the university's first Vice-Chancellor, said of the University of York that "it must be collegiate in character, that it must deliberately seek to limit the number of subjects and that much of the teaching must be done via [[tutorials]] and [[seminars]]".<ref name="CandVC">{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/40thanniversary/vcs.htm|title=Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors of the University|publisher=University of York|access-date=28 April 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305032919/http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/40thanniversary/vcs.htm|archive-date=5 March 2008 }}</ref> Due to the influence of [[Graeme Moodie]], founding head of the Politics Department, students are involved in the governance of the university at all levels, and his model has since been widely adopted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/aug/16/guardianobituaries.obituaries |title=Obituary: Graeme Moodie – Education |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=3 May 2009 |last=Afshar |first=Haleh |date=16 August 2007 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212151707/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/aug/16/guardianobituaries.obituaries |url-status=live }}</ref>

York's first two Colleges, [[Derwent College, York|Derwent]] and [[Langwith College, York|Langwith]], were founded in 1965, as was the [[University of York Library]].<ref>{{cite web|title=University of York|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/|access-date=21 January 2022|website=york.ac.uk|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121000249/https://www.york.ac.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> These were the first residential colleges. They were followed by [[Alcuin College, York|Alcuin]] and [[Vanbrugh College, York|Vanbrugh]] in 1967 and [[Goodricke College, York|Goodricke]] in 1968. In 1972 this was followed by [[Wentworth College, York|Wentworth College]].<ref name="wentworth history" />

The university was noted for its inventive approach to teaching. It was known for its early adoption of [[joint honours degree]]s which were often very broad such as history and biology. It also took an innovative approach to [[social science]] introducing a five-year-long degree in the subject.<ref name="plateglassuniversities" />

===Expansion===
After 1972 the construction of Colleges ceased until 1990 with the foundation of [[James College, York|James College]]. Initially James was intended to be a postgraduate only college. However, the university began to expand rapidly, almost doubling in size from 4,300 to 8,500 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/about/history/1990s/|title=Our History: The 1990s|publisher=University of York|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026130826/https://www.york.ac.uk/about/history/1990s/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, therefore it was decided that the college should become open to undergraduates.<ref name="james history" /> The expansion of student numbers also resulted in the creation of more accommodation by the university, which was named 'Halifax Court'; the members of Halifax Court were members of other colleges, however, soon formed their own [[Common Room (university)|Junior Common Room]].<ref name="halifax history" /> In 2002, Halifax Court was made a full college of the university and was renamed [[Halifax College, York|Halifax College]].
[[File:The_University_of_York's_Central_Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Central Hall, University of York|Central Hall]] and the lake]]
In 2003, the university set out plans to create a campus for 5,000 additional students, and to introduce a number of new subjects such as law and dentistry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2003/plans-new-campus/ |title=University outlines plans for new campus |access-date=29 May 2011 |last=Garner |first=David |date=27 February 2003 |publisher=The University of York |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081051/https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2003/plans-new-campus/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/north_yorkshire/3714393.stm |work=BBC News |title=University threat to 'last farm' |date=14 May 2004 |access-date=29 May 2011 |first=Mike |last=Chilvers |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919212327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/north_yorkshire/3714393.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/apr/30/highereducation.administration |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=York set for £500m expansion |first=Polly |last=Curtis |date=30 April 2004 |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212151705/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/apr/30/highereducation.administration |url-status=live }}</ref> For a number of years, the university's expansion plans were limited by planning restrictions. The City of York planning conditions stipulate that only 20% of the land area may be built upon, and the original campus was at full capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/campus-development/expansion/masterplan/ |title=Masterplan and principles – Campus development |access-date=29 May 2011 |date=4 May 2011 |publisher=The University of York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410043519/http://www.york.ac.uk/campus-development/expansion/masterplan/ |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2004, plans were finalised for a 117 hectare extension to the campus, initially called Heslington East, designed to mirror the existing Heslington West campus. They are now known as Campus East and Campus West. The plans set out that the new campus would be built on [[arable land]] between Grimston Bar [[park and ride]] car park and Heslington village. The land was removed from the [[Green belt (UK)|green belt]] especially for the purpose of extending the university. After a lengthy consultation and a [[public inquiry]] into the proposals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/planning/he.html|title=University of York Heslington East planning application|publisher=City of York Council|access-date=18 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925025933/http://www.york.gov.uk/planning/he.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=25 September 2006}}</ref> in 2006, the [[Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government]] gave the go-ahead in May 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6691685.stm|title=York can build new £500m campus|work=BBC News|access-date=29 May 2011|date=25 May 2007|archive-date=30 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830235118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6691685.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:ConstantineCollege York Sep2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[Constantine College, York|Constantine College]] was founded in 2014.]]In May 2008 the City of York planners approved the design for the residential college, Goodricke. In ''[[The Press (York)|The Press]]'' on 28 July 2008, Shepherd Construction was named as the preferred contractor for the Goodricke College buildings.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gavin |last=Aitchison |title=Work starts on new university campus |date=28 July 2008 |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/3550963.Work_starts_on_new_university_campus/ |work=[[The Press (York)|The Press]] |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009190934/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/3550963.Work_starts_on_new_university_campus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The proposal included landscaping the whole area, constructing a lake with marsh borders, planting light woodland and many specimen trees, and maximising biodiversity.

Construction began in 2008, with the first buildings, including Goodricke college, coming into use in October 2009.<ref name="goodrickeopen">{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/campus-development/projects/goodricke/ |title=Goodricke College – Campus development, The University of York |access-date=29 May 2011 |date=4 October 2010 |publisher=The University of York |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005162547/http://www.york.ac.uk/campus-development/projects/goodricke/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was decided that rather than create a new college that an existing college should be moved. Goodricke College was selected for this and moved onto the new campus in 2009 with James taking over its building on Campus West. Goodricke was officially opened by the [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|Duke of York]] in April 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Andrew officially opened Goodricke College |date=29 April 2010 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/8126918.prince-andrew-officially-opened-goodricke-college/ |work=[[The Northern Echo]] |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201220029/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/8126918.prince-andrew-officially-opened-goodricke-college/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the same process took place with Langwith moving to Campus East and Derwent taking over its previous buildings. In 2014 Campus East saw the establishment of the ninth college, named [[Constantine College, York|Constantine College]] after the Roman emperor [[Constantine the Great]], who was proclaimed [[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]] in York in 306 AD.<ref name="constantine" />

Work began in December 2019 to build two new colleges on Campus East. These will comprise around 1,400 new student bedrooms as well as new social spaces. The university says that "development has been designed to optimise the beautiful landscape and will be built with respect for the existing ecological diversity around the lake".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/campus-investment/current/new-residences/|title=New residences|access-date=1 February 2020|work=University of York|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201132750/https://www.york.ac.uk/campus-investment/current/new-residences/|url-status=live}}</ref>