Editing University of Southampton (section)

==History==

===Hartley Institution===
[[File:HartleyOpening.JPG|thumb|right|The arrival of Prime Minister [[Lord Palmerston]] for the opening of the Hartley Institute on 15 October 1862]]

The University of Southampton has its origin as the Hartley Institution which was formed in 1862 from a benefaction by Henry Robinson Hartley (1777–1850).  Hartley had inherited a fortune from two generations of successful wine merchants.<ref>Mann, John Edgar & Ashton, Peter (1998). ''Highfield, A Village Remembered''.  Halsgrove.  {{ISBN|1-874448-91-4}}.</ref> At his death in 1850, he left a bequest of £103,000 to the Southampton Corporation for the study and advancement of the sciences in his property on Southampton's High Street, in the city centre.

{{rquote|right|...employ the interest, dividends and annual proceeds in such a manner as best promote the study and advancement of the sciences of Natural History, Astronomy, Antiquities, Classical and Oriental Literature in the town, such as by forming a Public Library, Botanic Gardens, Observatory, and collections of objects with the above sciences.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patterson|1962|pp=9–24|loc=Chapter: "Henry Robinson Hartley and the Establishment of the Hartley Institution"}}</ref>|Bequest to the Corporation of Southampton of Henry Robertson Hartley estate.}}

Hartley was an eccentric straggler, who had little liking of the new age docks and railways in Southampton.<ref name="Patterson-1-9">{{Harvnb|Patterson|1962|pp=1–9|loc=Chapter: "Southampton in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century"}}</ref> He did not desire to create a college for many (as formed at similar time in other English industrial towns and commercial ports) but a cultural centre for Southampton's intellectual elite.<ref name="Patterson-1-9" /> After lengthy legal challenges to the Bequest, and a public debate as to how best interpret the language of his Will, the Southampton Corporation choose to create the Institute (rather than a more widely accessible college, that some public figures had lobbied for).

On 15 October 1862, the Hartley Institute was opened by the Prime Minister [[Lord Palmerston]] in a major civic occasion which exceeded in splendor anything that anyone in the town could remember.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nash|Sherwood|2002|pp=13–17|loc=Chapter: "Growing Pains"}}</ref> After initial years of financial struggle, the Hartley Institute became the Hartley College in 1883. This move was followed by increasing numbers of students, teaching staff, an expansion of the facilities and registered lodgings for students.

===University College===
[[File:HartleyLibraryFront.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Front of the Hartley Library, constructed in the 1930s after the move to Highfield Campus, with the support of private donors.]]

In 1902, the Hartley College became the Hartley [[University college|University College]], a degree awarding branch of the [[University of London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections/historic-collections/archives-manuscripts/university-of-london-student-records-1836-1931/|title=Student lists|publisher=Senate House Library|access-date=4 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914105055/http://www.shl.lon.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/studentrecords.shtml|archive-date=14 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This was after inspection of the teaching and finances by the University College Grants Committee,<ref>{{Harvnb|Patterson|1962|pp=89–107|loc=Chapter: "Reorganization and Achievement: 1892–1902"}}</ref> and donations from Council members (including [[William Erasmus Darwin|William Darwin]] the then Treasurer). An increase in student numbers in the following years motivated fund raising efforts to move the college to [[greenfield land]] around Back Lane (now University Road) in the [[Highfield, Hampshire|Highfield]] area of Southampton. On 20 June 1914, [[Viscount Haldane]] opened the new site of the renamed Southampton University College. However, the outbreak of the First World War six weeks later meant no lectures could take place there, as the buildings were handed over by the college authorities for use as a military hospital. To cope with the volume of casualties, wooden huts were erected at the rear of the building. These were donated to the university by the [[War Office]] after the end of fighting, in time for the transfer from the high street premises in 1920. At this time, Highfield Hall, a former country house and overlooking [[Southampton Common]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Patterson|1962|pp=107–138|loc=Chapter: "The Old Hartley"}}</ref> for which a lease had earlier been secured, commenced use as a [[halls of residence|hall of residence]] for female students. South Hill, on what is now the Glen Eyre Halls Complex was also acquired, along with [[Wessex Lane Halls#South Stoneham House|South Stoneham House]] to house male students.

Further expansion through the 1920s and 1930s was made possible through private donors, such as Edward Turner Sims's two daughters Mary and Margaret for the construction of the university library, to fulfil a request in his will, and from the people of Southampton, enabling new buildings on both sides of University Road. During World War II the university suffered damage in the [[Southampton Blitz]] with bombs landing on the campus and its halls of residence.<ref name="nash5">{{Harvnb|Nash|Sherwood|2002|pp=44–57|loc=Chapter: "War and the Years After, 1939–1952"}}</ref> The college decided against evacuation, instead expanding its Engineering Department, School of Navigation and developing a new School of Radio Telegraphy.<ref name="nash5"/> The university hosted the [[Supermarine]] plans and design team for a period but in December 1940 further bomb hits resulted in it being relocated to [[Hursley House]].<ref name=Howman77>{{cite book |last1=Howman |first1=Karl|last2=Cetintas |first2=Ethan|last3=Clarke |first3=Gavin |date=2020 |title=Secret Spitfires: Britain's Hidden Civilian Army |publisher=The History Press |page=77 |isbn=9780750991995}}</ref>

Halls of residence were used to house Polish, French and American troops.<ref name="nash5"/> After the war, departments such as Electronics grew under the influence of professor [[Erich Zepler]] and the [[Institute of Sound and Vibration Research|Institute of Sound and Vibration]] was established.

=== <span class="anchor" id="University of Southampton Act 1953"></span> University ===
[[File:Toast rack - University of Southampton.jpg|thumb|Toastrack, a 1929 Dennis G that has been owned by the University of Southampton Engineering Society since 1958.]]
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = University of Southampton Act 1953
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to dissolve the Hartley University College at Southampton founded 1850 registered 1902 and to transfer all the rights property and liabilities of that college to the University of Southampton and for other purposes.
| year                  = 1953
| citation              = [[1 & 2 Eliz. 2]]. c. iv
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 6 May 1953
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = 
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Eliz2/1-2/4/pdfs/ukla_19530004_en.pdf
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = 
| UK-LEG_title          = 
| collapsed             = yes
}}

On 29 April 1952, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] granted the University of Southampton a [[royal charter]], the first to be given to a university during her reign, which enabled it to award degrees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Becoming a University |url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/aboutus/historyofuni/becoming_a_university.html|publisher=University of Southampton |access-date=13 June 2012|archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129013206/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/aboutus/historyofuni/becoming_a_university.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Six faculties were created: Arts, Science, Engineering, Economics, Education and Law. The first University of Southampton degrees were awarded on 4 July 1953, following the appointment of the [[Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] as Chancellor of the university. Student and staff numbers grew throughout the next couple of decades as a response to the [[Robbins Report]]. The campus also grew significantly, when in July 1961 the university was given the approval to acquire some 200 houses on or near the campus by the Borough Council.<ref name=nash6>{{Harvnb|Nash|Sherwood|2002|pp=57–68|loc=Chapter: "The Pre-Robbins Years, 1952–1965"}}</ref> In addition, more faculties and departments were founded, including Medicine and Oceanography (despite the discouragement of Sir [[John Wolfenden]], the chairman of the University Grants Committee).<ref name="nash6"/> Student accommodation was expanded throughout the 1960s and 1970s with the acquisition of Chilworth manor and new buildings at the Glen Eyre and Montefiore complexes.

In 1987, a crisis developed when the [[Higher Education Funding Council for England|University Grants Committee]] announced, as part of nationwide cutbacks, a series of reductions in the funding of the university.<ref name=nash9>{{Harvnb|Nash|Sherwood|2002|pp=92–104|loc=Chapter: "Who Pays the Piper, 1979–1985"}}</ref> To eliminate the expected losses, the budgets and deficits subcommittee proposed reducing staff numbers. This proposal was met with demonstrations on campus and was later reworked (to reduce the redundancies and reallocate the reductions in faculties funding) after being rejected by the university [[Academic Senate|Senate]].<ref name="nash9"/>

By the mid-1980s through to the 1990s, the university looked to expand with new buildings on the Highfield campus, developing the Chilworth Manor site into a science park and conference venue, opening the National Oceanography Centre at a dockside location and purchasing new land from the City Council for the Arts Faculty and sports fields (at Avenue Campus and Wide Lane, respectively).<ref name="Uos SC 80s">{{cite web |last1=Ruthven |first1=Jenny |title=Highfield Campus 100: 1980-2000 |url=https://specialcollectionsuniversityofsouthampton.wordpress.com/2019/08/30/highfield-campus-100-1980-2000/ |website=University of Southampton Special Collections |date=30 August 2019 |publisher=University of Southampton |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>

===Research university===
[[File:Autumnal trees, University of Southampton (geograph 5599126).jpg|thumb|right|The Gardens on the west half of Highfield Campus were landscaped by [[Basil Spence]] and feature artwork by [[Barbara Hepworth]].]]

Under the leadership of then Vice-Chancellor, Sir [[Howard Newby]] the university became more focused in encouraging and investment in more and better quality research.<ref name=nash11>{{Harvnb|Nash|Sherwood|2002|pp=116–130|loc=Chapter: "Into the Premier League"}}</ref> In the mid-1990s, the university gained two new campuses, as the [[Winchester School of Art]] and [[La Sainte Union College of Higher Education|La Sainte Union College]] became part of the university.<ref name="Uos SC 80s"/> A new school for Nursing and Midwifery was also created and went on to provide training for [[National Health Service|NHS]] professionals in central-southern England. This involved a huge increase in student numbers and the establishment of sub-campuses in [[Basingstoke]], [[Winchester]], [[Portsmouth]] and [[Newport, Isle of Wight]].<ref name="nash11"/>

In the autumn of 1997, the university experienced Britain's worst outbreak of [[meningitis]], with the death of three students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/university-offers-students-jab-to-fight-meningitis-1163629.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909013342/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/university-offers-students-jab-to-fight-meningitis-1163629.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2011|title= University offers students jab to fight meningitis |last= Laurance |first=Jeremy|date= 8 June 1998|work=The Independent|access-date=10 April 2009 | location=London}}</ref> The university responded to the crisis by organising a mass vaccination programme, and later took the ground-breaking decision to offer all new students vaccinations.<ref name="nash11"/>

The university celebrated its Golden Jubilee on 22 January 2002. By this time, Southampton had research income that represented over half of the total income.<ref name="nash11"/> In recent years a number of new landmark buildings have been added as part of the estates development. New constructions on the main campus include the Jubilee Sports Complex in 2004,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jubilee Sports Centre|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/jubilee.html|work=Estates Development|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223043247/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/jubilee.html|archive-date=23 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jubilee Sports Complex|url=http://www.rickmather.com/project/category/jubilee_sports_complex#/project/category/jubilee_sports_complex|publisher=Rick Mather Architects|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> the EEE (ECS, Education and Entrance) building in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|title=EEE Building (B32)|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/eee.html|work=Estate Development|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830042916/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/eee.html|archive-date=30 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=EEE Building|url=http://www.mcaslan.co.uk/projects/eee-building|publisher=John McAslan and Partners|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713152027/http://www.mcaslan.co.uk/projects/eee-building|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John McAslan and Partners: EEE Building University of Southampton|url=http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/?p=11378|publisher=Architecture Today|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225145537/http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/?p=11378|archive-date=25 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the new Mountbatten building in 2008 housing the [[School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton|School of Electronics and Computer Science]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mountbatten Building|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/mountbatten.html|work=Estate Development|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525072821/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/mountbatten.html|archive-date=25 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Case Study: Mountbatten Building, University of Southampton|url=http://www.wyg.com/5projects/projects.php?project=80|publisher=WYG Group|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> following a fire<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4390048.stm|title=Fire destroys top research centre |date=31 October 2005|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jestico & Whiles: Nanotechnology building, University of Southampton|url=http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/?p=801|publisher=Architecture Today|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225145538/http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/?p=801|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Life Sciences building in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Sciences Building (B85)|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/lifesicencesbuilding.html|work=Estates Development|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223042815/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/lifesicencesbuilding.html|archive-date=23 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Meeting Place of the Minds|url=http://www.nbbj.com/work/life-sciences-building-university-of-southampton/|publisher=NBBJ|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NBBJ: Life Sciences Building, the University of Southampton|url=http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/?p=12749|publisher=Architecture Today|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926045716/http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/?p=12749|archive-date=26 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In addition, the Hartley Library and Student Services Centre were both extended and redesigned in 2005<ref>{{cite web|title=Hartley Library Extension|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/hartleylibrary.html|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223045916/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/hartleylibrary.html|archive-date=23 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=George Thomas Student Services Building (B37)|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/georgethomas.html|work=Estates Development|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051258/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/georgethomas.html|archive-date=23 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=George Thomas Building|url=http://www.environmentcentre.com/rte.asp?id=288|publisher=Sustainable Planning Centre SISCo|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010501/http://www.environmentcentre.com/rte.asp?id=288|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Students' Union was also extended in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Students' Union Building|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/susu.html|work=Estate Development|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223045653/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/susu.html|archive-date=23 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Southampton Students' Union|url=http://www.perkinsogden.com/he&fe/soton_uni.html#|publisher=Perkins Ogden Architects|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220192232/http://www.perkinsogden.com/he%26fe/soton_uni.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other constructions include the Archaeology building on Avenue Campus in 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Archaeology|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/archaeology.html|work=Estate Development|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Southampton: New Archaeology and E-Languages Building|url=http://www.perkinsogden.com/pdf/5220-1.pdf|publisher=Perkins Odgen Architects|access-date=23 June 2013|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220192239/http://www.perkinsogden.com/pdf/5220-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Institute of Development Sciences building at [[Southampton General Hospital]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Institute of Developmental Sciences|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/ids.html|work=Estate Development|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=23 June 2013|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816092203/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/landmarkbuildings/ids.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The university has also significantly redeveloped its Boldrewood Campus which is home to part of the engineering faculty and to Lloyd's Register's Global Technology Centre.<ref name="MCE Construction homepage">{{cite web|title=Maritime Centre of Excellence (MCE)|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/projects/mce.html|publisher=University of Southampton|access-date=23 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315052949/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/estatedevelopment/projects/mce.html|archive-date=15 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The university joined the [[SES (universities)|Science and Engineering South Consortium]] (SES) on 9 May 2013. The SES was created to pool the collective insights and resources of the [[University of Oxford]], [[University of Cambridge]], [[Imperial College London]] and [[University College London]] to innovate and explore new ideas through collaboration whilst providing efficiencies of scale and shared utilisation of facilities. This is the most powerful cluster of research intensive universities in the UK and the new consortium is to become one of the world's leading hubs for science and engineering research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0513/130509-science-and-engineering-south-consortium |title=Science and Engineering South Consortium (SES-5) |publisher=University College London |date=9 May 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, the university started a fundraising campaign to build the Centre for Cancer Immunology based at [[Southampton General Hospital]]. At the beginning of 2018, the target amount of £25 million was raised, allowing 150 scientists to move into the building in March 2018. The Centre for Cancer Immunology is the first of its kind in the UK and contains facilities that will hosts clinical trial units and laboratories that will explore the relationship between cancer and the immune system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-42908656|title=Fundraising target met for £25m Southampton cancer centre|work=BBC News|date=1 February 2018|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/15912594.PHOTOS__Leading_Southampton_cancer_centre_hits___25_million_funding_mark/|title=Immunology cancer centre in Southampton hits £25 million funding mark|work=Daily Echo|date=1 February 2018|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>