Editing University of Michigan (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of the University of Michigan}}

=== The Catholepistemiad (1817–1821) ===

The University of Michigan traces its origins to August 26, 1817,<ref name="Founding" /> when it was established in the [[Territory of Michigan]] as the '''Catholepistemiad''' or '''University of Michigania''' through a legislative act signed by acting governor and secretary [[William Woodbridge]], chief justice [[Augustus B. Woodward]], and judge [[John Griffin (judge)|John Griffin]].<ref name=":11">{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Wilfred B. |date=1942 |title=The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042059132 |location=University of Michigan |publisher=Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press |page=117 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015042059132 |isbn=}}</ref>{{rp|117}} In 1821, by a new enactment, the university itself was created as a "body politic and corporate,"<ref name=":11"/>{{rp|117}} maintaining its corporate status through various modifications to its charter.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906">{{harvnb|Hinsdale|1906}}</ref>{{rp|11}} The term "Catholepistemiad," a neologism derived from a blend of Greek and Latin roots, can be loosely translated as "School of Universal Knowledge".<ref>{{Cite web |title = SNAPSHOTS OF U-M HISTORY: Rising from the Ashes |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/features/rising-from-the-ashes/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032947/https://bentley.umich.edu/features/rising-from-the-ashes/ |archive-date = June 30, 2021 |access-date = May 8, 2022 |website = www.bentley.umich.edu }}</ref> This corporation was modeled after the [[University of France|Imperial University of France]], an entity established by [[Napoleon I]] a decade prior,<ref name="um2017.org">{{Cite web |title = The University of Michigan's Heritage – Two Centuries of Leadership |url = http://um2017.org/U_of_M_History_files/Brief%20Michigan%20History.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010020717/http://um2017.org/U_of_M_History_files/Brief%20Michigan%20History.pdf |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |access-date = October 9, 2021 |publisher = um2017.org }}</ref><ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|10}} and included an array of schools and libraries under a single administration,<ref>{{harvnb|Hinsdale|1906|pp=8–9}}</ref> with the authority to establish additional schools across the territory.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|10}} It wasn't until Michigan became a state in 1837 that the corporation focused solely on higher education.<ref name="um2017.org" />

[[File:First Annual Report University of Michigania.JPG|thumb|left|First Annual Report of the ''University of Michigania'', authored by its first president [[John Monteith (minister)|John Monteith]], November 16, 1818]]

Promptly after the Territory of Michigan's formation in 1805, prominent citizens acknowledged the need for a college.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" /> In 1806, [[Gabriel Richard]], who presided over several schools in the [[History of Detroit#American control|Town of Detroit]], first petitioned for land to found a college.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-22 |title=Who was Gabriel Richard? |url=https://michigantoday.umich.edu/2017/09/22/who-was-gabriel-richard/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Michigan Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Slagter |first=Martin |date=2017-08-26 |title=The University of Michigan is 200 years old - older than Michigan itself |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2017/08/revisit_the_university_of_mich.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=mlive |language=en}}</ref> Although Governor [[William Hull]] and Woodward promulgated an act in 1809 to establish public school districts, this preliminary endeavor yielded negligible results.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunbar|May|1995|pp=188}}</ref> Woodward, aspiring to categorize knowledge (which he termed "encathol epistemia"), discussed this with [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1814.<ref>{{harvnb|Fedynsky|2001}}</ref> In 1817, Woodward drafted a territorial act for the ''Catholepistemiad'', or ''University of Michigania'', which included thirteen professorships, or ''didaxiim''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shaw|1920|pp=8}}</ref> The act was enacted on August 26, 1817, with Richard appointed vice president and [[John Monteith (minister)|John Monteith]] as president. Woodward sought funding from the [[Zion Lodge No. 1 F&AM|Zion Masonic Lodge]], which contributed $250, leading to a total of $5,000 raised for the university.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|12}}<ref>{{Cite press release |title = Mysterious Freemason Celebrates 250th Anniversary in Michigan |publisher = prnewswire |url = https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mysterious-freemason-celebrates-250th-anniversary-in-michigan-254266941.html |last1 = Berry |first1 = Wesley |access-date = December 24, 2021 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211009121054/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mysterious-freemason-celebrates-250th-anniversary-in-michigan-254266941.html |archive-date = October 9, 2021 }}</ref> The cornerstone for the first schoolhouse, situated near the intersection of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit, was laid on September 24, 1817, and by the following year, a [[Lancasterian school]], taught by [[Lemuel Shattuck]], and a classical academy were operational.<ref>{{harvnb|Hinsdale|1906|pp=12}}</ref> Additional schools were established in [[Monroe County, Michigan|Monroe]] and [[Mackinaw City, Michigan|Mackinaw]] by the end of September 1817.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|11}} In 1821, a new act placed the corporation under the control of a board of trustees.<ref>{{harvnb|Hinsdale|1906|pp=12–13}}</ref> Monteith, no longer president, joined the board, and Richard served on the board until his death in 1832.<ref name=Bentley2004>{{harvnb|Bentley Historical Library|2004}}</ref> The trustees continued to manage the schools and classical academy, but established no new schools.<ref name=Hinsdale1906_14>{{harvnb|Hinsdale|1906|p=14}}</ref> By 1827, all schools had closed, and the Detroit schoolhouse was leased to private teachers.<ref name=Hinsdale1906_14 />

===Early years (1837–1851)===

[[File:Library and Chapel, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (front elevation) MET DT369502.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander J. Davis]]'s original University of Michigan designs featured the Gothic Revival style. Davis himself is generally credited with coining the term "[[Collegiate Gothic]]".]]

In 1837, following Michigan's admission to the Union, its constitution enabled the appointive regents to oversee university operations directly alongside professors, without the need for a president.<ref name="um2017.org" /> The regents met in [[Ann Arbor]] and accepted the town's proposal for the university to relocate,<ref name=Founding/><ref>{{Cite web |title = 002 1817-1871 PH.indd |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/publications/photo_saga/media/PDFs/2%201817-1871.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211031220923/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/publications/photo_saga/media/PDFs/2%201817-1871.pdf |archive-date = October 31, 2021 |access-date = October 14, 2021 |website = www.umhistory.dc.umich.edu }}</ref> based on a {{convert|40|acre|ha}} grant from the [[Treaty of Fort Meigs]]<ref>{{Cite web |title = AIUM: About |url = http://www.umich.edu/~aium/about.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180817172231/http://www.umich.edu/~aium/about.html |archive-date = August 17, 2018 |access-date = March 7, 2018 |website = www.umich.edu }}</ref><ref name="Central Campus History">{{Cite web |title = The Central Forty and The Diag (1837) |url = http://www.umich.edu/pres/history/markers/diag.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130901090004/http://president.umich.edu/history/markers/diag.html |archive-date = September 1, 2013 |access-date = April 29, 2007 |publisher = University of Michigan History and Traditions Committee }}</ref> on [[Henry Rumsey]]'s farmland.<ref name=":11">{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Wilfred B. |date=1942 |title=The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042059132 |location=University of Michigan |publisher=Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press |page=117 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015042059132 |isbn=}}</ref>{{rp|32}} [[Alexander Jackson Davis]] devised the original campus plan in [[Gothic Revival style]],<ref>{{Cite book |last = Truettner |first = Julia M. |url = https://www.press.umich.edu/17028/aspirations_for_excellence |title = Aspirations for Excellence |date = 2003 |publisher = University of Michigan Press |isbn = 9780472112777 |access-date = December 24, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211224202852/https://www.press.umich.edu/17028/aspirations_for_excellence |archive-date = December 24, 2021 |url-status = live }}</ref> and the regents unanimously approved his proposal;<ref name=":702">{{cite web |last=Tobin |first=James |title=The Campus that Never Was |website=heritage.umich.edu |url=https://heritage.umich.edu/stories/the-campus-that-never-was/ |access-date=September 29, 2024}}</ref> however, the plan was abandoned due to financial constraints resulting from the [[Panic of 1837]].<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|31}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1 = Donnelly |first1 = Walter A. |last2 = Shaw |first2 = Wilfred B. |last3 = Gjelsness |first3 = Ruth W. |date = 1958 |title = President's House |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/legacy-support/campus_tour/preshouse.php |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211224202852/https://bentley.umich.edu/legacy-support/campus_tour/preshouse.php |archive-date = December 24, 2021 |access-date = December 24, 2021 |website = bentley.umich.edu/ |publisher = University of Michigan Press }}</ref> In 1841, Mason Hall, the first campus building, was completed, followed by the construction of South College, an identical building to the south, in 1849, leaving a gap for a future grand centerpiece.<ref name=":702" />

[[File:Colored elevation of Mason Hall.jpg|thumb|Colored elevation of Mason Hall (built in 1841; demolished in 1950), the first building devoted to instruction on the Ann Arbor campus. The design was used as a reference by [[John F. Rague]] to build the [[North Hall (University of Wisconsin)|North Hall]] (built in 1851) in [[Madison, Wisconsin]], which is a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref name="nrhp">{{cite web|first=Jeffrey M. |last= Dean |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Bascom Hill Historic District |date=June 1974 |url={{NRHP url |id=74000065}} |access-date=February 17, 2024 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}} With {{NRHP url|id=74000065|photos=y|title=13 photos}}.</ref>]]

[[Asa Gray]] was appointed the first professor following the university's move to Ann Arbor in 1837,<ref>{{Cite web |title = New General Library |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1900/13%20University%20Library%201883/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200123141029/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1900/13%20University%20Library%201883/index.html |archive-date = January 23, 2020 |access-date = October 14, 2021 |publisher = UMHistory }}</ref>{{sfn|University of Michigan|2015}}{{sfn|Pitcher|1856|p=79}}{{sfn|Dupree|1988|pp=67–68}}<ref name="B0017XZGIK">{{cite book |last = Duderstadt |first = Anne. |author-link =  |date = January 1, 2006 |title = The University of Michigan: A Photographic Saga (Millenium Project) |url =  |location =  |publisher = University of Michigan Press |page =  |asin = B0017XZGIK }}</ref> alongside early faculty members [[Douglass Houghton]] and [[Andrew Ten Brook]].<ref name="B0017XZGIK" /><ref>{{Cite web |title = Professor White's trees |url = http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2008/04/trees.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100606173105/http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2008/04/trees.php |archive-date = June 6, 2010 |access-date = July 31, 2010 |website = Michigan Today }}</ref> The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore taught by two professors, Joseph Whiting and George Palmer Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |date = July 5, 2007 |title = University of Michigan Timelines: General University Timeline |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/umtimeline/general.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090421020242/http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/umtimeline/general.php |archive-date = April 21, 2009 |access-date = December 26, 2008 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The beloved professors of U-M |date=May 1, 2017 |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/beloved-professors-u-m/ |website=record.umich.edu }}</ref> In the first commencement of 1845, eleven graduates, including [[Judson Dwight Collins]], were awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clarke |first=Kim |title=The First Freshmen |url=https://heritage.umich.edu/stories/the-first-freshmen/ |website=heritage.umich.edu |access-date=August 29, 2024 |publisher=Regents of the University of Michigan }}</ref> In subsequent years, the regents established branches across the state as preparatory schools for the university,<ref name="Kalamazoo Branch">{{Cite web |date = May 2023 |title = University of Michigan Branch 1838–1843 |url = https://www.kpl.gov/local-history/kalamazoo-history/education/university-of-michigan-branch/ |access-date = January 7, 2024 |publisher = Kalamazoo Public Library }}</ref> starting with [[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]] and followed by [[Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo]], [[Detroit]], [[Niles, Michigan|Niles]], [[Tecumseh, Michigan|Tecumseh]], [[White Pigeon, Michigan|White Pigeon]], and [[Romeo, Michigan|Romeo]].<ref name="Kalamazoo Branch" /> However, they struggled to enroll students and some merged with local colleges.<ref name="Kalamazoo Branch" /> [[Kalamazoo College]] was the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan from 1840 to 1850.<ref name="Kalamazoo Branch" /> Furthermore, the university struggled with issues due to its regents' dependence on the legislature from 1837 to 1850.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|40}} Despite several attempts to gain independence, progress was slow until the late 1840s, when regents gained leverage, supported by Michigan citizens.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|40}} This led to a revision of the organic act on April 8, 1851, which freed the university from legislative control, changed the regent position from appointed to elected, and established a president selected by the regents.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|40}}

===1851 to 1900===

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Campus University of Michigan (NBY 2827).jpg
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[[Henry Philip Tappan]] became the university's first president in 1852, with the ambition to shape the institution as a model for future universities.<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Wilfred B. |date=1942 |title=The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042059132 |location=University of Michigan |publisher=Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press |hdl=2027/mdp.39015042059132 |isbn=}}</ref>{{rp|39–53}} During his decade of service, he overhauled the curriculum,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} expanded the library and museum collections,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} established the law school,<ref name="um2017.org" /> and supervised the construction of the [[Detroit Observatory]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} He secularized faculty appointments by prioritizing merit in selections,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} breaking away from the retrograde tradition of regents distributing positions among Protestant denominations.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} In 1855, Michigan became the second university in the country to issue [[Bachelor of Science]] degrees.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|48}} The following year, the country's first chemical laboratory was built on campus, specifically designed for chemistry education, providing additional space for classes and laboratories.<ref name="Chem Lab">{{Cite web |title = Chemical Laboratory |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1875/chemical_laboratory/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211021222339/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1875/chemical_laboratory/index.html |archive-date = October 21, 2021 |access-date = October 21, 2021 |publisher = UMHistory }}</ref> Tappan's tenure also saw the creation of the [[University of Michigan Men's Glee Club|Michigan Glee Club]], the oldest student organization at the university, and the publication of the first student newspaper, ''The Peninsular Phoenix and Gazetteer'', in 1857.<ref name="michiganbook">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ia6fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 |title=The Michigan Book |pages=136–139 |year=1898 |last=Humphrey |first=Edwin |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> Despite these accomplishments, Tappan's 11-year presidency was marked by considerable tension.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} His impartial stance on religion faced backlash during a time of heightened religious fervor.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} Due to changes in the Board of Regents and discontent with his administration, he was forced to resign in 1863.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}}

In 1863, [[Erastus Otis Haven]] took office as president, having been a professor at the time and needing to prove his right for the presidency.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} The campus was divided by conflicting views among students, faculty, and regents regarding Tappan's restoration, the homeopathy crisis, and the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} Haven's administration faced routine administrative difficulties and struggled to garner support for increased state aid, despite achieving modest gains.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} The university, which had received a fixed $15,000 since 1869, still required additional funding.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} Frustrated, Haven resigned in 1869 to become president of [[Northwestern University|Northwestern]], a [[Methodist]] institution, a move that sectarians viewed as a setback for secular colleges.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} The presidency remained vacant from 1869 to 1871, with Professor [[Henry Simmons Frieze]] serving as acting president.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}} During this period, the university raised funds for University Hall, overhauled admissions with a diploma system, and introduced coeducation.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}} Women were first admitted in 1870,<ref>{{Cite web |date = September 26, 2008 |title = Suggested Research Topics – Gender and Social Space on the University Campus, 1870–1970 |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/research/topics/gendersp.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090313030542/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/topics/gendersp.php |archive-date = March 13, 2009 |access-date = December 25, 2008 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref> although [[Alice Robinson Boise Wood]] was the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–67.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Brennan |first = T. Corey |date = n.d. |title = WOOD, Alice Robinson Boise |url = https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010141/https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise |archive-date = January 23, 2019 |access-date = March 13, 2020 |website = Database of Classical Scholars |publisher = Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |quote = When the question first came up in 1854 of admitting women to the University of Michigan, [[James Robinson Boise]] is the only professor on record to vote in its favor. A dozen years later, when his daughter Alice had graduated Ann Arbor High School, he is said to have been enraged that she could not continue at Michigan, and in September 1866 informally invited his daughter to join his Greek recitations at the university. Some of his colleagues followed suit. }}</ref> In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from the law school as the second African American to graduate from a law school in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Michigan Black Lawyers' "Firsts" |website=michbar.org |url=https://www.michbar.org/file/barjournal/article/documents/pdf4article2622.pdf |publisher=Michigan Bar Journal |date=May 2015}}</ref> In 1871, [[Sarah Killgore]] became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar of any state in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.law.umich.edu/historyandtraditions/students/Documents/Sarah_Killgore_Bio.pdf |title = Michigan's First Woman Lawyer |publisher = University of Michigan Law School |access-date = September 14, 2013 }}</ref> Frieze championed music education and established the [[University Musical Society]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}} However, student discipline remained problematic, with frequent class rushes, instances of hazing, and rowdiness in chapel.<ref name=":98"/><ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}} Past efforts to curb these disorders had proven ineffective, and Frieze blamed this on decentralized faculty control.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}}

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| caption1 = University Hall (1872–1896), located partly on the grounds of present-day [[Angell Hall]]
| image2 = Statue of Benjamin Franklin Standing on lawn in front of University Hall First Congregational Church and Union School West Hall visible across State Street.jpg
| alt2 = Statue of Benjamin Franklin facing the viewer with an open knee-length coat atop a pedestal that reads "Class Of '70" on a grassed yard with bare trees and a picket-style fence behind and a stone-block church to the back right
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[[James Burrill Angell]] became president in 1871 and would remain in the post for nearly four decades.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} His tenure would be remembered as the most successful in the university's history.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Tappan's reforms in the 1850s set the university on a path to becoming an elite institution, but it was Angell who completed that transformation.<ref name="Turner 1989 12">{{harvnb|Turner|Bernard|1989|p=12}}</ref><ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Shortly after his arrival, University Hall was completed and dedicated.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} During his presidency, he restored campus discipline,<ref name=":98"/><ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} resolved the long-standing homeopathy problem,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} led non-denominational church services,<ref name=":98">{{cite web |last=Tobin |first=James |title=Who was James Angell? |url=https://michigantoday.umich.edu/2013/07/29/a8666/ |website=michigantoday.umich.edu |date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 22, 2024 }}</ref><ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} broadened the curriculum,<ref name="um2017.org" /> raised entrance and graduation requirements,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} and persuaded the legislature to increase state aid.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Angell's tenure saw the addition of many extracurricular activities, such as the [[Michigan Wolverines football|intercollegiate football team]] and the [[Michigan Marching Band|marching band]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Though a reformer, Angell was not authoritarian; he encouraged open debate and aimed for near-unanimous agreement before implementing changes, rather than pushing through with only a narrow majority.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} In 1871-72, [[Charles Kendall Adams]] first introduced the German [[seminar]] method of study, marking its first use in America.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Brubacher |first = John Seiler |title = Higher Education in Transition |date = July 1, 1997 |publisher = Transaction Publishers |isbn = 1-56000-917-9 |page = 187 }}</ref><ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|71}} In 1875, the university founded the [[University of Michigan School of Dentistry|College of Dental Surgery]], followed by the establishment of the [[University of Michigan College of Pharmacy|College of Pharmacy]] by [[Albert B. Prescott]] in 1876. That year, the university awarded its first [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degrees: to [[Victor C. Vaughan]] in chemistry and William E. Smith in zoology.<ref name=":11132024">{{cite web |last=Easthope |first=Mary M. |title=A Chronicle of Graduate Education 1845 to 1982 |url=https://rackham.umich.edu/about/history/chronicle/ |website=rackham.umich.edu |access-date=November 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Hinsdale 1906" /> They were among the first doctoral degrees to be conferred in the nation.<ref name=":11132024" /> The university remained the only institution in the state to grant PhD degrees until the late 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSU College of Engineering Timeline |url=https://engineering.msu.edu/about/history-of-the-college |access-date=December 1, 2024 |website=engineering.msu.edu }}</ref> Ann Arbor's scholarly reputation grew during this period due to the contributions of the university's intellectual community, which included philosophers like [[John Dewey]], [[Charles Horton Cooley]], [[George Herbert Mead]], and [[Robert Ezra Park]].<ref>{{Cite book |last = Miller |first = David |title = George Herbert Mead: Self, Language, and the World |publisher = University of Texas Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-292-72700-7 |pages = xii-xix }}</ref> By the turn of the 19th century, the university was the nation's second largest after Harvard in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = The First 150 Years |url = https://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/spring2001/first150_long_feature.htm |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010020717/https://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/spring2001/first150_long_feature.htm |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |access-date = October 9, 2021 |website = northwestern.edu }}</ref>

[[File:Literary Class of 1880.jpg|thumb|Literary Class of 1880 (includes [[Mary Henrietta Graham]], the first African American woman graduate of the University of Michigan)]]

{{quote box
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| quote = "Stand up for America; devote your life to its cause; love your homes, and prove as worthy of our cherished free institutions as they are worthy of your allegiance and service. Let not the high standard of National Honor, raised by the fathers, be lowered by their sons. Let learning, liberty and law be exalted and enthroned."
| author = [[William McKinley]]
| source = speaking to the first National Convention of the College Republicans in [[Newberry Hall]] in 1892<ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Stewart |title=The College Republicans – A Brief History |publisher = College Republican National Committee | date=2002-06-24 |url=http://www.crnc.org/admin/editpage/downloads/CRNChistory.pdf |access-date=2008-09-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050702072121/http://www.crnc.org/admin/editpage/downloads/CRNChistory.pdf |archive-date = 2005-07-02}}</ref>
}}

With his presidency, Angell focused the university on preparing a new generation of secular leaders in public service.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Angell himself was frequently called upon by the White House for diplomatic missions.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} In 1880, U.S. President [[Rutherford Hayes]] appointed him as Minister to China, where he successfully negotiated an immigration treaty that increased Chinese student enrollment.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Later, in 1887, 1896, and 1897, [[Grover Cleveland]] appointed him to fisheries and waterways commissions.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} That same year, [[William McKinley]] named him Envoy Extraordinary to Turkey.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} By the late 19th century, the university had gained an international reputation, partly due to Angell's diplomatic efforts.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} During this period, over 80 subjects of the [[Emperor of Japan]] were sent to Ann Arbor to study law as part of the opening of that empire to external influence.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://michigan.law.umich.edu/about-michigan-law/michigan-law-history |title = Michigan Law History |publisher = University of Michigan Law School |access-date = February 17, 2024 }}</ref> The university was also involved in building the [[Philippine]] education, legal, and public health systems during the era of American colonization of the Philippines, thanks to the efforts of Michigan alumni, including [[Dean Conant Worcester]] and [[George A. Malcolm]].<ref>{{Cite book |last = Calata |first = Alexander A. |title = Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date = 2002 |publisher = Greenwood Press |isbn = 9780313307911 |editor-last = McFerson |editor-first = Hazel M. |location = Westport, CT |pages = 90–91 |chapter = The Role of Education in Americanizing Filipinos |oclc = 756515246 }}</ref> Among the early students in the School of Medicine was [[Jose Celso Barbosa]], who graduated as valedictorian in 1880, becoming the first Puerto Rican to earn a university degree in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Guzmán |first = W. |date = May 22, 2020 |title = José Barbosa (1857–1921) |url = https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jose-barbosa-1857-1921/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210923010739/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jose-barbosa-1857-1921/ |archive-date = September 23, 2021 |access-date = August 27, 2021 |website = BlackPast.org }}</ref> [[Ida Gray]] graduated from the [[University of Michigan School of Dentistry|School of Dentistry]] in June 1890, becoming the first African-American woman dentist in the United States.{{sfn|Dykes|1996|p=496}} In the early 20th century, the university emerged as a preferred option for Jewish students pursuing secular education due to quotas on Jewish admissions at denominational colleges, and it has since become a haven for the Jewish-American academic community.<ref>{{Cite press release |date = December 28, 2023 |title = University to launch institute to address antisemitism |url = https://record.umich.edu/articles/university-to-launch-institute-to-address-antisemitism/ |access-date = January 7, 2024 |publisher = U-M Office of the Vice President for Communications }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date = November 29, 2023 |title = Buss: Once a haven, Jews now fearful on UM campus |url = https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/kaitlyn-buss/2023/11/27/buss-once-a-haven-jews-now-fearful-on-um-campus/71717662007/ |access-date = January 7, 2024 |newspaper = The Detroit News }}</ref> Angell retired in 1909, and seven years later, he died in the [[President's House, University of Michigan|President's House]], which had been his home for forty-five years.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} His successor, [[Harry Burns Hutchins]], who was once his student, would lead the university through [[World War I]] and the [[Spanish flu|Great Influenza epidemic]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}}

===1900 to 1950===

[[File:Photo of courtyard Law Quadrangle.jpg|thumb|Law Quadrangle, ca. 1930s]]

In 1910, [[Harry Burns Hutchins]] assumed the presidency, becoming the first alumnus to hold that position.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} He had spent seven years in [[Ithaca, New York]], where he was called by [[Andrew Dickson White]] and [[Charles Kendall Adams]] to establish the [[Cornell Law School]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} Hutchins then became the dean of the law school at his alma mater, where he introduced the [[case method]] of instruction.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} Hutchins was acting president when Angell was absent.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} During his presidency, Hutchins established the [[Rackham Graduate School|Graduate School]],<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} doubled enrollment,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} and increased the faculty.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} He secured more state aid and alumni support to fund the university's capital needs,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} including the gothic Law Quadrangle,<ref name="Law Quadrangle">{{Cite web |title = The Law Quadrangle |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Law%20Quadrangle/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134450/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Law%20Quadrangle/index.html |archive-date = February 18, 2020 |access-date = October 18, 2021 }}</ref> [[Martha Cook Building]],<ref>{{Cite web |title = Martha Cook Residence Hall |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Martha%20Cook/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211019033108/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Martha%20Cook/index.html |archive-date = October 19, 2021 |access-date = October 18, 2021 }}</ref> [[Hill Auditorium]], and [[Michigan Union]], which became campus landmarks. Hutchins enhanced the university health service,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} but wartime distractions plagued his presidency. The influenza epidemic, which caused student deaths from poor care, deeply troubled him.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} Well-liked by the regents who encouraged him to remain president, nonetheless, Hutchins retired in 1920.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}}

The 1920s at the university were marked by the brief tenures of two presidents, [[Marion LeRoy Burton]] and [[Clarence Cook Little]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–98}} In 1920, when Burton assumed office, a conference on higher education took place at the university, resulting in the establishment of the [[Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} Under his leadership, construction boomed on campus,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} and enrollments increased,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} propelled by the prosperous economy of the [[Roaring Twenties]]. He initiated the annual honors convocation,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} introduced the deans' conference,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} and increased university income.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} The proposal for establishing a nonsectarian [[divinity school]] on campus came after strong advocacy from [[Charles Foster Kent]] and received unanimous backing from nearby churches.<ref name=":77">Laipson, Peter. “And the Walls Came Crumbling down: The Michigan School of Religion, 1920-1930.” Michigan Historical Review, vol. 21, no. 2, 1995, pp. 93–123. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/20173523. Accessed 27 Sept. 2024.</ref> The school was short-lived and was quietly shelved in 1927.<ref name=":77"/> Burton fell ill in 1924 and died in 1925.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} In this emergency, President Emeritus Hutchins was called by the regents to assist, with [[Alfred Henry Lloyd]] serving as acting president until Little's arrival.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} Clarence Cook Little was elected president in 1925,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|88–98}} advocating for individualized education<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|88–98}} and reforming curricula, particularly for women.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|88–98}} Little proposed a curriculum division after two years to address knowledge gaps, leading to the University College proposal, which was ultimately abandoned after his resignation in 1929.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|88–98}}

[[File:People attending UM physics symposium pose for group photo Summer 1931.jpg|thumb|[[Hans Kramers|H.A. Kramers]], second row, sixth left with [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], second row, fourth left, in a photograph of the Summer Symposium on Theoretical Physics in 1931 at the University of Michigan]]

[[File:UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg|thumb|left|Physicists [[George Uhlenbeck|G.E. Uhlenbeck]], [[Hendrik Kramers|H.A. Kramers]], and [[Samuel Goudsmit|S.A. Goudsmit]] circa 1928 at Michigan]]

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Following Little's resignation, [[Alexander Grant Ruthven]], an alumnus, was elected president by unanimous vote.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|98–116}} He would lead the university through the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|98–116}} Under Ruthven's leadership, the university administration became more decentralized with the creation of the university council, various divisions, and a system of committees<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|98–116}} For years, the university was a backwater in theoretical physics. Nonetheless, this changed under department head [[Harrison McAllister Randall]], who brought theorists [[Samuel Goudsmit]], [[George Uhlenbeck]], and [[Otto Laporte]] onto the faculty.<ref>[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=573&page=268 Laporte] – National Academy of Sciences Press</ref> Goudsmit mentored famous students at the university, including [[Robert Bacher]] and [[Wu Ta-You]], the Father of Chinese Physics, who in turn taught [[Zhu Guangya]] and two Nobel laureates, [[Chen Ning Yang]] and [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]. From 1928 to 1941, the Summer Symposium in Theoretical Physics featured renowned physicists like [[Niels Bohr]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Paul Dirac]], and [[Erwin Schrödinger]], with at least fifteen attendees being Nobel laureates or future laureates.<ref>{{cite web |last = Levine |first = Alaina G. |title = Historic Sites Initiative – University of Michigan |url = https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/history/historicsites/summer.cfm |access-date = February 4, 2024 |website = American Physical Society }}</ref> [[Wolfgang Pauli]] held a visiting professorship at the university in 1931.<ref name="Burton">{{Cite web |last = Burton |first = Marion Le Roy |title = Department of Physics (University of Michigan) records, 1873–[ongoing]. |url = https://search.lib.umich.edu/catalog/record/990027429270106381?filter.author=Oppenheimer%2C+J.+Robert%2C+1904-1967.&library=Bentley+Historical+Library |access-date = November 1, 2023 |website = search.lib.umich.edu |publisher = UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY }}</ref> [[Stephen Timoshenko]] created the first U.S. bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics when he was a faculty professor at the university. In 1948, shortly after World War II, the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Project was established to honor the hundreds of lives lost from the university during the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title = MMPEI–History |url = http://www.energy.umich.edu/about/#history |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081229015555/http://www.energy.umich.edu/about |archive-date = December 29, 2008 |access-date = August 28, 2010 |publisher = Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute }}</ref><ref name="um2017.org" /> Funded by numerous contributors, including the [[Ford Motor Company]], the Phoenix Project operated the [[Ford Nuclear Reactor]], which established the nation's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Martin |first = Joseph D. |date = February 2016 |title = The Peaceful Atom Comes to Campus |journal = Physics Today |volume = 69 |issue = 2 |pages = 40–46 |bibcode = 2016PhT....69b..40M |doi = 10.1063/pt.3.3081 |doi-access = free  |issn=0031-9228}}</ref>

===1950 to present===

In 1951, [[Harlan Hatcher]] succeeded Ruthven and served as president until 1968, overseeing the construction of North Campus, the founding of [[University of Michigan–Flint|Flint Senior College]], and the establishment of the [[University of Michigan–Dearborn|Dearborn Center]], both now full-fledged branch campuses.<ref name=":31">{{cite web |author=Frank, Mary Jo |url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Nov14_96/artcl04.htm |title=U-M presidents have weathered wars, recessions, unrest to keep institution in leadership position |publisher=The University Record (University of Michigan) |date=November 14, 1996 |access-date=2007-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last = Pace |first = Eric |date = February 3, 1999 |title = Warren E. Miller, 74, Expert On American Voting Patterns |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/us/warren-e-miller-74-expert-on-american-voting-patterns.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022153/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/us/warren-e-miller-74-expert-on-american-voting-patterns.html |archive-date = September 12, 2018 |access-date = September 11, 2018 |work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> The tenures of Hatcher and his successor, [[Robben Wright Fleming]], were marked by a sharp rise in campus activism, highlighted by the increase in political dissent linked to the [[Civil Rights Movement]] and the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=":31" /> In 1963, a controversial admission policy known as "[[affirmative action]]" was introduced.<ref name=":66">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Matthew |title=Managing Racial Inclusion: The Origins and Early Implementation of Affirmative Action Admissions at the University of Michigan |journal=Journal of Policy History |date=July 2017 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=462–489 |doi=10.1017/S0898030617000197 |s2cid=157653014 }}</ref> It was a radical measure originated by [[Hobart Taylor Jr.]], aimed at boosting Black student enrollment at elite universities.<ref name=":66"/> In 1964, a group of faculty hosted the nation's first "[[teach-in]]" against U.S. foreign policy in Southeast Asia, attended by thousands of students.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Newman |first = Matthew |date = October 1995 |title = U-M faculty's historic teach-in of 30 years ago: 'A Vital Service To Their Country' |url = http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt11o95.html |url-status = dead |journal = Michigan Today |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100602090041/http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt11o95.html |archive-date = June 2, 2010 |access-date = August 28, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = December 22, 2008 |title = A Decade of Dissent: Teach-Ins |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/dissent/teachins.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100727123100/http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/dissent/teachins.php |archive-date = July 27, 2010 |access-date = August 28, 2010 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref> Subsequent [[sit-ins]] by campus groups prompted administrative crackdowns, escalating tensions among radicals.<ref name=":31" /> This included a notable incident involving the Jesse James Gang, an offshoot of [[Students for a Democratic Society]], which took an on-campus military recruiter hostage.<ref name=":31" /> Meanwhile, Hatcher controversially dismissed three professors for their refusal to cooperate with [[Joseph McCarthy]]'s [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] during his tenure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty Perspective: Remembering H. Chandler Davis |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/faculty-perspective-remembering-h-chandler-davis/ |website=record.umich.edu |date=January 12, 2023 }}</ref> Hatcher's successor, Robben Wright Fleming, an experienced labor negotiator, guided the university through a turbulent era of activism.<ref name=":31" /> Unlike some other universities, Michigan did not experience violent outbreaks during this period.<ref name=":31" /> In 1970, two years after the assassination of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], a strike organized by the [[Black Action Movement]] resulted in the university agreeing to several demands for minority support.<ref name=Glenn>{{cite news |url=http://annarborchronicle.com/2010/03/30/open-it-up-or-shut-it-down/|title="Open It Up or Shut It Down": The 1970 Black Action Movement strike at Michigan|last=Glenn|first=Alan|date=30 March 2010|publisher=Ann Arbor Chronicle|access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> In 1971, the [[Spectrum Center (community center)|Spectrum Center]] was founded as the nation's oldest collegiate [[LGBT student center]].<ref>{{Cite web |date = November 11, 2011 |title = AADL Talks To Jim Toy and Jackie Simpson |url = https://aadl.org/node/164719 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210116141342/https://aadl.org/node/164719 |archive-date = January 16, 2021 |access-date = August 27, 2021 |publisher = Ann Arbor District Library }}</ref> Meanwhile, support among students for [[marijuana legalization]] was gaining traction on campus, as highlighted by the annual [[Hash Bash]] rally that began in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ann Arbor Hash Bash Archive Project |url=https://www.hash-bash.com/annarborhashbasharchiveproject.html |website=hash-bash.com}}</ref> Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, campus unrest began to affect the university's academic standing, which had been ranked among the top five in the nation.<ref name="1973 commencement">{{cite web |url=http://websites.umich.edu/~bhlumrec/c/commence/1973-Kerr.pdf |title=Clark Kerr 1973 Winter Commencement: THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY - END OF ITS GOLDEN AGE? |publisher=University of Michigan |date=2022-12-09 |accessdate=2022-12-09 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119092704/http://websites.umich.edu/~bhlumrec/c/commence/1973-Kerr.pdf }}</ref> This standing started to decline during Fleming's tenure. Campus unrest persisted during [[Harold Tafler Shapiro]]'s presidency, which began in 1980, fueled by controversies surrounding the anti-missile [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] and investments in [[South Africa]].

President [[James Duderstadt]] would succeed Shapiro and remain president until 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt6o95.html |title=Michigan Today |access-date=2010-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602090102/http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt6o95.html |archive-date=2010-06-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He facilitated achievements in the campus's physical growth and fundraising efforts. Duderstadt's successor, [[Lee Bollinger]], conducted several major construction projects like the School of Social Work building<ref>{{cite web|title=U-M School of Social Work: History|url=http://ssw.umich.edu/about/history|access-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref> and the Tisch Hall, named in honor of alumnus [[Preston Robert Tisch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Future of the Humanities|year = 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPkAAAAMAAJ&q=university+of+michigan+tisch+hall+1997&pg=RA2-PA13|access-date=20 April 2016|agency=University of Michigan / LSAmagazine, Volumes 20-22|issue=Spring 1998, page 13}}</ref> In 2003, two lawsuits involving the university's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court: [[Grutter v. Bollinger]] and [[Gratz v. Bollinger]]. In 2002, the university elected its first female president, [[Mary Sue Coleman]], by unanimous vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.umich.edu/regents-elect-mary-sue-coleman-president-mary-sue-coleman/ |title=Regents elect Mary Sue Coleman president Mary Sue Coleman |website=news.umich.edu |date=May 29, 2002 |access-date=August 30, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/mary-sue-coleman/46492|title=Mary Sue Coleman|website=forbes.com|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111051732/http://people.forbes.com/profile/mary-sue-coleman/46492|archive-date=November 11, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout her presidency, Michigan's endowment saw continued growth, accompanied by a major fundraising drive known as "The Michigan Difference".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Michigan Difference campaign launched with $2.5 billion goal |url=https://news.umich.edu/the-michigan-difference-campaign-launched-with-25-billion-goal/ |date=May 14, 2004 |access-date=August 30, 2024 }}</ref> The Coleman's administration faced labor disputes with the university's labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization and the Graduate Employees Organization.<ref>{{cite web |last=SAINI |first=KJYOT |title=GSIs walk out |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/gsis-walk-out/ |website=michigandaily.com |date=March 25, 2005 }}</ref> In the early 2000s, the university faced declining state funding, prompting suggestions for privatization.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last = Sullivan |first = Amy |date = April 23, 2009 |title = Cash-Strapped State Schools Being Forced to Privatize |url = http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1893286,00.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010051453/http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1893286,00.html |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |access-date = October 10, 2021 |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1 = Weislak |first1 = Lance J. |last2 = LaFaive |first2 = Michael D. |date = March 1, 2004 |title = Privatize the University of Michigan (Viewpoint on Public Issues) |url = https://www.mackinac.org/V2004-08 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211114231442/https://www.mackinac.org/V2004-08 |archive-date = November 14, 2021 |access-date = November 14, 2021 |publisher = Mackinac Center for Public Policy }}</ref> Despite being a state institution de jure, it adopted private funding models.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Fain |first = P. |date = November 1, 2009 |title = At public universities: Less for more. |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/education/edlife/01public-t.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220509002710/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/education/edlife/01public-t.html |archive-date = May 9, 2022 |access-date = May 8, 2022 |website = The New York Times }}</ref> A 2008 legislative panel further recommended converting it to a private institution due to its minimal ties to the state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Kelderman |first = E. |date = May 1, 2009 |title = Public Colleges Consider Privatization as a Cure for the Common Recession |url = https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ841423 |url-status = live |journal = Chronicle of Higher Education |volume = 55 |issue = 34 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220509002710/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ841423 |archive-date = May 9, 2022 |access-date = May 8, 2022 }}</ref> [[Mark Schlissel]] succeeded Coleman in 2014. Before his firing in 2022, Schlissel expanded financial aid offerings,<ref name="GBG intro article">{{Cite web|url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/u-m-unveils-tuition-guarantee-michigan-students-need/|title=UM Unveils Tuition Guarantee for Michigan Students With Need|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Rick|date=15 June 2017|newspaper=The University of Michigan Record}}</ref> enhanced international engagement,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.puuma.org/en/news/regents-meeting-schlissel-offers-public-support-international-collaboration|title=At Regents meeting, Schlissel offers public support for International collaboration|date=2 May 2019}}</ref> and raised student diversity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/wolverine-pathways-kickoff-event-draws-nearly-500-students-parents/|title=Wolverine Pathways Kickoff Event Draws Nearly 500 Students, Parents|last1=Allen|first1=Jeremy|date=29 February 2016|newspaper=The University of Michigan Record}}</ref> He also led initiatives in biosciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.umich.edu/u-m-biosciences-initiative-invests-45m-in-groundbreaking-research/|title=U-M Biosciences Initiative invests $45M in 'groundbreaking' research|last1=Erickson|first1=Jim|date=29 October 2018|newspaper=Michigan News}}</ref> and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/arts-initiative-seeks-proposals-for-arts-the-curriculum-program/|title=Arts Initiative seeks proposals for arts curriculum program|last1=Costa|first1=Gabriella|date=8 April 2022}}</ref> The university's 15th president was [[Santa Ono]], from 2022 to 2025. [[Domenico Grasso]], former chancellor of the [[University of Michigan-Dearborn]] is the current interim president, since May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Domenico Grasso becomes interim president of University of Michigan |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/domenico-grasso-becomes-interim-president-of-university-of-michigan/ |website=The University Record |date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref>

===Historical links===

[[File:HarryHutchins JamesAngell AndrewWhite.png|thumb|University presidents [[Harry Burns Hutchins]], left, and [[James Burrill Angell]], center, with [[Cornell University]] founder [[Andrew Dickson White]], right, in a 1900s photograph]]

The founding of the University of Michigan in the 19th century was influenced by the transatlantic [[Republic of Letters]], an intellectual community that spanned Europe and the Americas.<ref name=":21" />{{rp|39–53}} Key figures, such as [[Henry Philip Tappan]], were instrumental in aligning the university with the ideals championed by the intellectual community, including liberty, reason, and scientific inquiry.<ref name=":21" />{{rp|39–53}}<ref name="Turner 1989 12" /> Alumni and faculty from Michigan, like [[Andrew Dixon White]], carried these ideals forward as they shaped other institutions.<ref name=":22">{{cite book |last = Peckham |first = Howard Henry |author-link =  |date = September 26, 1994 |title = The Making of The University of Michigan 1817–1992 |url =  |location =  |publisher = UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN BENTLEY LIBRARY |page =  |isbn = 9780472065943 }}</ref> Notably, Cornell alumni [[David Starr Jordan]] and [[John Casper Branner]] later introduced these concepts to [[Stanford University]] in the late 19th century.<ref name=":22" /> [[Charles Kendall Adams]] and [[Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin]], the two figures most responsible for transforming the [[University of Wisconsin]] into a research university, both received their education at Michigan.<ref name="Turner 1989 12" />

Early university leaders like [[James Burrill Angell]] contributed to establishing other universities by sharing their insights.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Alongside [[Charles William Eliot]] of Harvard, Andrew D. White of Cornell, and [[Noah Porter]] of Yale, Angell was heavily involved in the early period of [[Johns Hopkins University]] as an advisor to the trustees and recommended [[Daniel Coit Gilman]] as the first president of the wealthy new foundation.<ref name=":55">{{Cite book|title = Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874–1889|last = Hawkins|first = Hugh|publisher = Cornell University Press|year = 1960 |oclc = 876490592|location = Ithaca, NY|page = 15|isbn = 978-0-8108-5818-3}}</ref> [[Clark Kerr]], the first chancellor of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], referred to Michigan as the "mother of state universities."<ref>{{Cite web |last = Kerr |first = Clark |date = December 16, 1973 |title = Clark Kerr 1973 Winter Commencement: THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY – END OF ITS GOLDEN AGE? |url = http://websites.umich.edu/~bhlumrec/c/commence/1973-Kerr.pdf |access-date = December 1, 2023 |publisher = University of Michigan }}</ref>

* [[University of California]]: had its early planning based upon the University of Michigan.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Stadtman |first = Verne A. |url = https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |title = The University of California, 1868–1968 |date = 1970 |publisher = McGraw-Hill |location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/7 7–34] |url-access = registration }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last = Marsden |first = George M. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134 |title = The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief |date = 1994 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 9780195106503 |location = New York |pages = 134–140 |access-date = November 9, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071657/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134 |archive-date = November 9, 2021 |url-status = live }} Page 138 of this source incorrectly states that the date of the final negotiations in which Governor Low participated was October 8, 1869, but it is clear from the context and the endnotes to that page (which cite documents from 1867) that the reference to 1869 is a typo.</ref>
* [[University of Chicago]]: Michigan alumnus Robert Ezra Park played a leading role in the development of the [[Chicago school (sociology)|Chicago School of sociology]]. The University of Chicago Laboratory School was founded in 1896 by John Dewey and [[Calvin Brainerd Cady]], who were members of the Michigan faculty.
* Cornell University: [[Andrew Dixon White]] and [[Charles Kendall Adams]], the first and second presidents of Cornell, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty. Cornell had its [[Cornell Law School|Law School]] founded by Michigan alumni Charles Kendall Adams and [[Harry Burns Hutchins]]. Six of the fourteen past presidents of Cornell University have had connections to the University of Michigan. [[Edmund Ezra Day]], the fifth president, was the founding dean of Michigan's business school. [[Frank H. T. Rhodes]], the ninth president, spent three years as vice president of academic affairs at Michigan. [[Martha E. Pollack]], the fourteenth president, served as provost at Michigan from 2013 to 2017. Additionally, [[Jeffrey S. Lehman]] received his graduate degrees from Michigan.
* Harvard University: Michigan alumnus [[Edwin Francis Gay]] was the founding dean of the [[Harvard Business School]] from 1908 to 1919,<ref>{{Cite web |title = Our History |url = http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170344/http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html |archive-date = February 18, 2013 |access-date = January 7, 2009 |publisher = hbs.edu }}</ref> instrumental in the school's planning.
* [[Johns Hopkins University]]: had its [[Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine|pharmacology department]] established by [[John Jacob Abel]], an alumnus of Michigan.
* Massachusetts Institute of Technology: had its [[MIT Media Lab|Media Lab]] co-founded by Michigan alumnus [[Jerome Wiesner]]. [[Nicholas Negroponte]], the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of the Media Lab, has held a visiting professorship at the University of Michigan.
* [[Northwestern University]]: Michigan alumnus [[Henry Wade Rogers]] was instrumental in transforming Northwestern from a small cluster of colleges into a major, nationally recognized university. His wife, [[Emma Winner Rogers]], founded the Northwestern University Settlement Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Henry and Emma Rogers Society |url = https://giftplanning.northwestern.edu/henry-and-emma-rogers-society |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220515232621/https://giftplanning.northwestern.edu/henry-and-emma-rogers-society |archive-date = May 15, 2022 |access-date = January 8, 2022 |publisher = Northwestern University }}</ref>
* [[Syracuse University]]: [[Alexander Winchell]] and [[Erastus O. Haven]], the first and second chancellors of Syracuse University, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty.
* [[University of Washington]]: [[Charles Odegaard]], who served as president of the University of Washington from 1958 to 1973 and is credited with elevating its academic standing, was previously the dean of Michigan's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.
* [[Wellesley College]]: Michigan alumna [[Alice Freeman Palmer]], the president of [[Wellesley College]] from 1881 to 1887, "transformed the fledgling school from one devoted to Christian domesticity into one of the nation's premier colleges for women."{{Sfn|Massachusetts Moments|2006}}
* [[Yale University]]: had its [[Residential colleges of Yale University|residential college system]] co-organized by [[James Rowland Angell]], a graduate of Michigan.{{sfn|Bergin|1983}} Michigan alumnus [[Henry Wade Rogers]] introduced the "case system" and the college degree requirement into the [[Yale Law School]].