Editing University of Manitoba (section)

== History ==

=== Founding ===
[[File:Historical Photo of University of Manitoba.jpg|alt=Historical photo of the university|thumb|Photo of the university taken by [[William James Topley]], {{Circa|1877–1930}}]]
The University of Manitoba, founded by [[Alexander Morris (politician)|Alexander Morris]], was established under the ''University of Manitoba Act'' as a "[[Provincial university|Provincial University]]" on 28 February 1877, becoming the first institution of [[higher education]] to be established in western Canada.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Courrier |first=Nicole |title=LibGuides: University of Manitoba History: University of Manitoba Chronological History |url=https://libguides.lib.umanitoba.ca/archives/umanitobahistory/timeline |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=libguides.lib.umanitoba.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AboutUofM">{{cite web |last=The University of Manitoba |title=About U of M |url=https://umanitoba.ca/about-um |access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=University of Manitoba |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/university-of-manitoba |access-date=2021-02-15 |date=February 20, 2012}}</ref>

The first University of Manitoba Chancellor (1877–1904) was Robert Machray, later the [[Archbishop]] of [[Rupert's Land]]. The first vice-chancellor (1877–1889) was [[Attorney General of Manitoba|Manitoba Attorney-General]] [[Joseph Royal]], who was also the one to introduce the bill for the ''University of Manitoba Act''.<ref name=":2" />

=== Founding colleges ===
Officially opening on June 20, 1877,<ref>{{cite book|last=Pound|first=Richard W.|title='Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates'|publisher=Fitzhenry and Whiteside|year=2005}}</ref> the university was formed by the federation of three existing [[Denominational school|denominational]] colleges and conferred degrees on students graduating from these colleges: [[Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface|Collège de Saint-Boniface]] ([[Roman Catholic]]), [[St. John's College, University of Manitoba|St John's College]] ([[Anglican]]), and [[Manitoba College]] ([[Presbyterian]]).<ref name=":2" /><ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia2" />

The university would add a number of colleges to its corporate and associative body since. In 1882, the '''Manitoba Medical College''', privately founded by physicians and surgeons, became a part of the university.<ref name=":2" /> Six years later, in 1888, [[Wesley College (Manitoba)|Wesley College]] ([[Methodism|Methodist]]) became affiliated with the university as well.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia2" /> The Bacteriological Research Building of the Manitoba Medical College would be designed by architect Charles Henry Wheeler in 1897, while the Science Building, between 1899 and 1900 by architect George Creeford Browne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Browne, George Creeford|url=http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/1223|access-date=March 30, 2019|website=Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800–1950}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wheeler, Charles Henry|url=http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/352|access-date=March 30, 2019|website=Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800–1950}}</ref>

In 1895, the ''University of Manitoba Act'' was amended to give the denominational colleges the power to confer degrees in divinity. It would be amended again two years later in order to allow the Manitoba government to grant up to $60,000 for the university and a [[normal school]] (i.e., a teaching college).<ref name=":2" />

In 1900, the university became a teaching institution by an act of the [[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]]. Soon after, other colleges also received affiliated status:<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia2" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|title=Join our academic community {{!}} University of Manitoba|url=https://umanitoba.ca/about-um/provost-vice-president-academic/join-our-academic-community|access-date=2021-11-04|website=umanitoba.ca}}</ref>

*[[Manitoba College of Pharmacy]] (1902)
*[[Manitoba Agricultural College]] (1906)
*[[St. Paul's College (Manitoba)|St. Paul's College]] (1931)
*[[Brandon College]] (1938)
*[[St. Andrew's College (Winnipeg)|St. Andrew's College]] (1981), which was established in 1946 to train the ministry for the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada|Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church]].
In 1938, Wesley College and Manitoba College merged to form [[United College, Winnipeg|United College]]. Three decades later, in 1967, United College became the [[University of Winnipeg]], and Brandon College became [[Brandon University]].<ref name=":32"/>

In contrast, Collège universitaire de St. Boniface has retained its affiliation with the University of Manitoba, though operating independently on its own campus in the [[Saint Boniface, Winnipeg|St. Boniface]] area of Winnipeg. Moreover, St. John's, St. Paul's, and St. Andrew's College have continued their affiliated relationship with the University of Manitoba into the present day, and are housed on the university's Fort Garry campus.<ref name=":32"/>

=== Early development ===
The university would hold its first [[exams]] on 27 May 1878, taken by a total of seven students, all from Manitoba College.<ref name=":2" /> Two years later, the University of Manitoba conferred its first degree,<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia2" /><ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Music at University of Manitoba|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/music-at-university-of-manitoba-emc|access-date=2008-06-15|archive-date=2015-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084217/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/music-at-university-of-manitoba-emc/|url-status=live}}</ref> the recipient being Reginald William Gunn, a [[Métis]] student of Manitoba College who graduated [[With honors (academic)|with honours]] in [[Natural science|Natural Sciences]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1885, the university is approved by the federal government for up to {{Convert|150,000|acre|sqkm|abbr=}} of [[crown land]] in Manitoba as an endowment.<ref name=":2" />

In 1886, the University of Manitoba admitted its first woman student, Jessie Holmes, and in 1889, Holmes also became the university's first female graduate. In 1892, the Manitoba Medical College saw its first female graduate, Hattie Foxton, who passed her exams with first-class standing for Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32"/>

In 1897, the ''University of Manitoba Act'' was amended in order to allow the Manitoba government to grant up to $60,000 for the university and a [[normal school]] (i.e., a teaching college).<ref name=":2" />

In the early part of the 20th century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of [[theology]], law, and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a [[research thesis]] was introduced.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia2" />

As the university recognized its need to be a teaching university in addition to its degree-granting responsibilities, the science building was built in 1901 on [[Broadway (Winnipeg)|Broadway]] in [[downtown Winnipeg]], becoming the university's first teaching facility. The university's first dedicated staff was subsequently hired in 1904 to teach in the newly created Faculty of Science. This staff of science professors is regarded as the university's "original six," and included A.H.R. Buller ([[botany]] and [[geology]]), [[Frank Allen (physicist)|Frank Allen]] ([[physics]] and [[mineralogy]]), M.A. Parker ([[chemistry]]), R. R. Cochrane ([[mathematics]]), [[Swale Vincent]] ([[physiology]]), and [[Gordon Bell (scientist)|Gordon Bell]] ([[bacteriology]]).<ref name=":32"/>

In 1908 the university established its library and [[Florence Davy Thompson]] became the first librarian.<ref>{{cite dcb |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/lucas_florence_daly_14E.html |first=Mary |last=Kinnear |title=Lucas, Florence Davy (Thompson) |volume=14}}</ref>

The Broadway location—as well as the current site of the [[Canadian Mennonite University]] near [[Assiniboine Park]]—was considered as a possible main campus. However, the university ultimately decided on its current site at Fort Garry in order to be near the [[Manitoba Agricultural College]], which, in 1911, began constructing the campus’ first buildings: Tache Hall, the Administration Building, and the Home Economics Building (now the Human Ecology Building), all completed in 1912.<ref name=":2" />

Between 1911 and 1912, the university conferred its first [[honorary degree]]s, received by President of the [[University of Toronto]] [[Robert Alexander Falconer]] and by [[Lieutenant governor of Manitoba|Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba]] [[Daniel Hunter McMillan|Daniel Hunter Macmillan]].<ref name=":2" /> On 1 January 1913, [[James Alexander Maclean]] became the first President of the university.<ref name=":2" /> Also in 1913, the university officially moved to the site, where it began constructing some of its own buildings, including the Engineering building.<ref name=":32"/> That year, the Departments of Architecture, Mechanical Engineering, French, and of German were established as well.<ref name=":2" />

=== World War I ===
Many of the university's students went off to fight in the [[Canada in the world wars and interwar period|First World War]], for which the University of Manitoba also served as a training ground.<ref name=":32"/> Between 1914 and 1915, the University Council established a Committee on Military Instruction, authorizing the teaching of [[military science]] and [[Military tactics|tactics]], and a university [[corps]] is also organized. In 1915, the [[196th Battalion (Western Universities), CEF|Western Universities Battalion]] (the 196th) of the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]s (CEF) was formed. On the first of March that year, the appointment of the [[Canadian Officers' Training Corps]] of the university was published.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:FletcherArgueUManitoba.jpg|thumb|Fletcher Argue Building ]]
In 1914, the [[University of Manitoba Faculty of Law|Manitoba Law School]] was founded by the University of Manitoba and the [[Law Society of Manitoba]] as an affiliated college of the university. Officially opening on 3 October 1914, the School would have 123 students (including 5 women) and 21 academic staff in 1920.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="yearbook" /> On 23 April 1915, a [[Baccalaureate address|Baccalaureate Address]] was given at the end of the academic session for the first time in the university's history. In 1919, the University of Manitoba would found the first school of [[architecture]] in all of western Canada.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Architectural Education|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/architectural-education|access-date=2008-06-15|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062027/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/architectural-education/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1916, the Departments of Arts (including Mathematics) and Architecture, the [[University of Manitoba Libraries|Library]], and the administrative offices of the university were moved into the former Law Courts Building. Also that year, Englishman [[Frank E. Nuttall]] became the first trained [[librarian]] for the university.<ref name=":2" />

In 1916, an Overseas Correspondence Club was established to write letters to UM students serving in England and France during the War, keeping them up-to-date in on University activities during their absence. At a March Faculty Council meeting in 1917, taking note of the [[Russian Revolution]], the Faculty ordered the sending of a congratulatory telegram to the [[Provisional Government of Russia]]. The telegram was subsequently answered by Foreign Minister [[Pavel Milyukov]].<ref name=":2" />
[[File:DuffRoblinUManitoba.jpg|left|thumb|Duff Roblin Building]]
During this time, university enrolment reduced significantly due to military enlistment; students dropped from 925 in 1914–15 to 662 in 1916–17.<ref name=":2" />

In 1918, the university's board of governors arranged for all men with a record of overseas service in the CEF, or who have served for a year or more in Canada, to receive full tuition remission in Arts and half tuition fees in Engineering, Architecture, Pharmacy, and Medicine. Also this year, the [[Spanish flu]] epidemic and the subsequent ban on public meetings closed the university for several weeks from October 11 to December 2.<ref name=":2" />

By the end of World War I on 11 November 1918, a total of 1160 students and 14 faculty/staff from the University of Manitoba enlisted; 123 were killed or died during the war; and 142 received [[military honors]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Post-World War I ===
Following the War, the university saw a large increase in enrolment, with 2,013 students enrolling in various degree and special courses in 1919.<ref name=":2" />

The [[University of Manitoba Students' Union|University of Manitoba Students’ Union]] was officially established in 1919, followed by the University of Manitoba Alumni Association in 1921.<ref name=":32"/>
[[File:BuhlerLabsUManitoba.jpg|thumb|Buller Biological Laboratories ]]
By 1920, the university would be the largest university in the [[Canadian Prairies]] and the fifth largest in Canada, with 1,654 male and 359 female students, as well as 184 academic staff (including 6 women). It had eight faculties: Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Engineering, Architecture, Pharmacy, and Agriculture.<ref name="yearbook">Dominion Bureau of Statistics, ''Canada Year Book 1921'', Ottawa, 1922</ref>

From 1920 to 1921, the teaching faculty was reorganized, creating a General University Faculty Council and an individual Faculties in Arts & Science, Engineering, and Medicine. In 1921, William Tier was appointed as the first Dean of Arts & Science, and E.P. Fetherstonhaugh as the first Dean of Engineering.<ref name=":2" />

In 1924, the university officially merged with the Manitoba Agricultural College through an act of the [[Manitoba Legislature|Manitoba legislature]]. In the 1930s, the university moved its administrative offices to its Fort Garry campus,<ref name=":32"/> where the Arts Building is completed in 1931. Also that year, [[St. Paul's College (Manitoba)|St. Paul's College]] became affiliated with the university.<ref name=":2" />

The Faculty of Education was established by the university in 1934.<ref name=":2" /> The university established an Evening Institute in 1936.

In 1937, the university offers a [[Bachelor of Commerce]], to be awarded through the Faculty of Arts and Science, for the first time.<ref name=":2" />

=== World War II ===
The [[Canada in World War II|Second World War]] affected the university considerably.

Between 1940 and 1941, the [[Canadian Army]] took over the Fort Garry residence; all fit 18-year-old male students were required to take 6 hours per week in military training; and students above 21 years old receive two weeks of practical military training in a camp. Moreover, 90% of women students enrolled in a variety of courses to aid in the war, with [[auto mechanic]]s particularly proving to be a preferred course among the women. During this time, the [[Dean of women|Dean of Women]] was [[Ursulla Macdonnell]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1943, the first degrees for [[Bachelor of Science]] in Pharmacy were conferred, replacing the diploma course for pharmacy. Also that year, the Senate established two new honorary degrees: [[Doctor of Science]] (D.Sc.) and [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.). Also, around this time, the School of Social Work was established within the Faculty of Arts and Science.

Some time from 1943 to 1944, the president of the [[University of Manitoba Students' Union]], Albert Hamilton, was called before the Board of Governors for an anti-war poem—“Atrocities”—that he provided for ''[[The Manitoban]]''’s Literary Supplement, and his graduating year marks would be held up until he joined [[active service]]. In March 1945, four members of the [[French resistance movement|French Resistance Movement]] addressed the student body.<ref name=":2" />

In the 1944/45 academic year, the University's new Department of Music began providing arts and science students with elective courses in [[Music theory|theory]] and [[Music history|history]] at the Broadway location.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia1" />

The University saw an influx of 3,125 War veterans in 1946, increasing registration to 9,514.<ref name=":2" />

=== Later 20th century ===
The [[Non-denominational|nondenominational]] University College—created by historian [[W. L. Morton|W.L. Morton]]—was completed in 1963. The following year, [[St. Andrew's College, Manitoba|St. Andrew's College]] became an associated college of the University of Manitoba. (It would gain special affiliation status 2 decades later.) Also at this time, the University recognized the Canadian Mennonite Bible College (now [[Canadian Mennonite University]]), the Catherine Booth Bible College (now [[Booth University College]]), and the [[Prairie Theatre Exchange]], as "approved teaching centres."<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia2" />
[[File:RobsonHallUManitoba.jpg|left|thumb|Robson Hall Building for the Faculty of Law]]
In 1966, the Manitoba Law School would be fully incorporated into the university as the [[University of Manitoba Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Manitoba Faculty of Law|url=http://www.umanitoba.ca/Law/Introduction/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112055800/http://www.umanitoba.ca/Law/Introduction/|archive-date=2007-01-12|access-date=2006-12-08}}</ref>

Responding to population pressure, the policy of university education would be initiated in the 1960s.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia2" /> As result, in 1967, two of the colleges that had originally been part of the University of Manitoba were given university status of their own by the provincial government: United College, which had been formed by the merging of [[Wesley College (Manitoba)|Wesley College]] and [[Manitoba College]], would become the [[University of Winnipeg]]; and Brandon College would become [[Brandon University]].<ref name=":32"/>

In 1968, the [[Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre|Manitoba Theatre Centre]] and the University of Manitoba English Department combined to offer theatre courses at the university. In 1970, the Faculty of Arts and Science separated to form the individual Faculties of Arts and of Science.<ref name=":2" />

=== Recent history and legacy ===
[[Université de Saint-Boniface|St. Boniface College]] and [[St. John's College, University of Manitoba|St. John's College]], two of the founding colleges of the university, still remain part of the University of Manitoba. St. Boniface is the university's only [[French language|French-language]] college, offering instruction in French, as well as facilities for the training of teachers who expect to teach in the French language. St. John's, which dates back to 1820, offers instruction in Arts and Science and, among other special programs, prepares men and women for the ordained ministry of the [[Anglican Church of Canada|Anglican Church]]. [[St. Andrew's College, Manitoba|St. Andrew's College]] today remains a home to a large Ukrainian cultural and religious library.

In 1993/94, the University of Manitoba became the first university in Canada to offer a [[master's degree]] in [[interior design]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1999, the university launched Smartpark, a 100-acre research and technology park at the Fort Garry Campus.<ref name=":32"/>

On 28 February 2002, Canada Post issued 'University of Manitoba, 1877–2002' as part of the Canadian Universities series. The stamp was based on a design by Steven Slipp, based on photographs by [[Mike Grandmaison]] and on an illustration by Bonnie Ross. The 48¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Canada Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=%28University.TITP.%29+Or+%28University.TITI.+And+null.B742.%29&l=20&d=STMP&p=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Farchivianet%2F02011702_e.html&r=5&f=G&Sect1=STMP|title=Canadian Postal Archives Database|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101040429/http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=(University.TITP.)+Or+(University.TITI.+And+null.B742.)&l=20&d=STMP&p=1&u=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/archivianet/02011702_e.html&r=5&f=G&Sect1=STMP|archive-date=1 January 2013|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>

The administrative position of "Vice-President (Indigenous)" was established at the university in October 2019 to lead the development and implementation of Indigenous-focused initiatives, engagement, research, etc.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Office of the Vice-President (Indigenous) {{!}} University of Manitoba|url=https://umanitoba.ca/about-um/vice-president-indigenous|access-date=2021-11-04|website=umanitoba.ca}}</ref>