Editing University of California (section)

==History==

===Early history===
[[File:Bay Blue - Flickr - Joe Parks.jpg|thumb|In November 1857, the [[College of California]]'s trustees began to acquire various parcels of land facing the [[Golden Gate]] in what is now [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]].]]
In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution, which contained the express objective of creating a complete educational system including a state university.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HfIJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR10 Cal. Const. Art. IX, § 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406172357/https://books.google.com/books?id=HfIJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR10 |date=April 6, 2023 }} (1849).</ref> Taking advantage of the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts]], the [[California State Legislature]] established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866.<ref name="Stadtman">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/7 7–34] }}</ref><ref name="Marsden">{{cite book |last1=Marsden |first1=George M. |title=The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195106503 |pages=134–140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134 |access-date=July 16, 2016 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308193405/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134 |url-status=live }} Page 138 of this source incorrectly states that the date of the final negotiations in which Governor Low participated was October 8, 1869, but it is clear from the context and the endnotes to that page (which cite documents from 1867) that the reference to 1869 is a typo.</ref> However, it existed only on paper, as a placeholder to secure federal [[Land-grant university|land-grant funds]].<ref name="Marsden" />

Meanwhile, [[Congregational]] [[minister of religion|minister]] [[Henry Durant]], an alumnus of [[Yale]], had established the private Contra Costa Academy, on June 20, 1853, in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California.<ref name="Stadtman" /> The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison and Franklin Streets in [[downtown Oakland]]<ref name="Stadtman" /> (and is marked today by State Historical Plaque No. 45 at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Franklin). In turn, the academy's trustees were granted a charter in 1855 for a [[College of California]], though the college continued to operate as a [[University-preparatory school|college preparatory school]] until it added college-level courses in 1860.<ref name="Stadtman" /><ref name="Marsden" /> The college's trustees, educators, and supporters believed in the importance of a [[liberal arts education]] (especially the study of the Greek and Roman [[classics]]), but ran into a lack of interest in [[liberal arts college]]s on the [[American frontier]] (for [[tertiary education|post-secondary]] degrees, the college was graduating only three or four students per year).<ref name="Marsden" />
[[File:South Hall UC Berkeley.jpg|thumb|right|[[South Hall (UC Berkeley)|South Hall]], built in 1873, is the oldest building on the [[UC Berkeley|Berkeley]] campus.]]
In November 1857, the college's trustees began to acquire various parcels of land facing the [[Golden Gate]] in what is now [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] for a future planned campus to the north of Oakland.<ref name="Stadtman" /> But first, they needed to secure the college's water rights by buying a large farm to the east.<ref name="Stadtman" /> In 1864, they organized the College Homestead Association, which borrowed $35,000 to purchase the land, plus another $33,000 to purchase 160 acres (650,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of [[Southside, Berkeley, California|land to the south of the future campus]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Helfand |first1=Harvey |title=University of California, Berkeley: An Architectural Tour |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |location=New York |isbn=9781568982939 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41A6PwEj4QgC&pg=PA4 }}</ref> The association subdivided the latter parcel and started selling lots with the hope it could raise enough money to repay its lenders and also create a new [[college town]].<ref name="Stadtman" /> But sales of new homesteads fell short.<ref name="Stadtman" />

Governor [[Frederick Low]] favored the establishment of a state university based upon the [[University of Michigan]] plan, and thus in one sense may be regarded as the founder of the University of California.<ref name="Stadtman" /><ref name="Marsden" /> At the College of California's 1867 [[Graduation|commencement exercises]], where Low was present, [[Yale University]] professor [[Benjamin Silliman Jr.]] criticized Californians for establishing a [[Institute of technology|polytechnic school]], instead of a real university.<ref name="Stadtman" /><ref name="Marsden" /> That same day, Low reportedly first suggested a merger of the already-functional College of California (which had a liberal arts focus, land, buildings, faculty, and students, but not enough money) with the nonfunctional state college (which had a polytechnical focus, money and nothing else), and went on to participate in the ensuing negotiations.<ref name="Stadtman" /><ref name="Marsden" /> 
[[File:UCSF 1908 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[University of California, San Francisco|UC San Francisco]] campus in 1908.]]
On October 9, 1867, the college's trustees reluctantly agreed to join forces with the state college to their mutual advantage, but under one condition—that there not be simply an "Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College", but a complete university, within which the assets of the College of California would be used to create a College of Letters (now known as the [[UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science|College of Letters and Science]]).<ref name="Stadtman" /><ref name="Marsden" /><ref>This agreement is evident in section 7 of the Organic Act, in which the state agreed to establish the College of Letters in consideration of the College of California's gift. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=srpAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA250 Cal. Stats., 17th sess., 1867–1868, ch. 244, § 7].</ref> Accordingly, the Organic Act, establishing the University of California, was introduced as a bill by [[California State Assembly|Assemblyman]] [[John W. Dwinelle]] on March 5, 1868, and after it was duly passed by both houses of the state legislature, it was signed into [[Law of California|state law]] by Governor [[Henry H. Haight]] (Low's successor) on March 23, 1868.<ref name="Stadtman" /><ref name="Marsden" /><ref>Harvey Helfand, ''University of California, Berkeley: An Architectural Tour and Photographs,'' (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002), 6.</ref> 

However, as legally constituted, the new university was ''not'' an actual merger of the two colleges, but was an entirely new institution which merely inherited certain objectives and assets from each of them.<ref name="Stadtman_Page_34">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/34 34] }}</ref> Governor Haight saw no need to honor any tacit understandings reached with his predecessor about institutional continuity.<ref name="Marsden" /> Only two college trustees became regents and a single faculty member ([[Martin Kellogg]]) was hired by the new university.<ref name="Marsden" /> By April 1869, the trustees had second thoughts about their agreement to donate the college's assets and disincorporate. To get them to proceed, regent [[John B. Felton]] helped them bring a "friendly suit" against the university to test the agreement's legality—which they promptly lost.<ref name="Stadtman_Page_39">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/39 39] }}</ref>

The University of California's second president, [[Daniel Coit Gilman]], opened [[Campus of the University of California, Berkeley|its new campus]] in Berkeley in September 1873.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.library.ucsf.edu/daniel_gilman.html |title=Daniel Coit Gilman and the Early Years of UC – Special Topics – A History of UCSF |website=history.library.ucsf.edu |access-date=October 24, 2016 |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228134040/http://history.library.ucsf.edu/daniel_gilman.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===UC affiliates===
[[File:A Gary Anderson Hall, UCR (cropped2).JPG|thumb|right|The [[University of California Citrus Experiment Station|Citrus Experiment Station]], built in 1917, is the oldest building on the [[UC Riverside]] campus.]]
Section 8 of the Organic Act authorized the Board of Regents to affiliate the University of California with independent self-sustaining professional colleges.<ref name="Stadtman4">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/125 125–141] }}</ref><ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=srpAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA250 Cal. Stats., 17th sess., 1867–1868, ch. 244, § 8].</ref> "Affiliation" meant UC and its affiliates would "share the risk in launching new endeavors in education".<ref name="Stadtman4" /> The affiliates shared the prestige of the state university's brand, and UC agreed to award degrees in its own name to their graduates on the recommendation of their respective faculties, but the affiliates were otherwise managed independently by their own boards of trustees, charged their own tuition and fees, and maintained their own budgets separate from the UC budget.<ref name="Stadtman4" /> It was through the process of affiliation that UC was able to claim it had medical and law schools in San Francisco within a decade of its founding.<ref name="Stadtman4" />

In 1879, California adopted its second and [[California Constitution|current constitution]], which included unusually strong language to ensure UC's independence from the rest of the [[Government of California|state government]].<ref name="Grodin_Page243">{{cite book |last1=Grodin |first1=Joseph R. |last2=Shanske |first2=Darien |last3=Salerno |first3=Michael B. |author-link1=Joseph Grodin |title=The California State Constitution |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199988648 |page=243 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Yx2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |access-date=June 5, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415171641/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Yx2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CalConsArt9Sec9">[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%209.&article=IX Cal. Const. Art. IX, § 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720172737/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%209.&article=IX |date=July 20, 2020 }}.</ref> This had lasting consequences for the [[University of California College of the Law, San Francisco|Hastings College of the Law]], which had been separately chartered and affiliated in 1878 by an act of the state legislature at the behest of founder [[Serranus Clinton Hastings]].<ref name="BarnesPages447172">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Thomas Garden |title=Hastings College of the Law: The First Century |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Hastings College of the Law Press |location=San Francisco |pages=44, 71–72 }}</ref> After a falling out with his own handpicked board of directors, the founder persuaded the state legislature in 1883 and 1885 to pass new laws to place his law school under the direct control of the Board of Regents.<ref name="BarnesPage7882">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Thomas Garden |title=Hastings College of the Law: The First Century |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Hastings College of the Law Press |location=San Francisco |pages=78–82 }}</ref> In 1886, the [[Supreme Court of California]] declared those newer acts to be unconstitutional because the clause protecting UC's independence in the 1879 state constitution had stripped the state legislature of the ability to amend the 1878 act.<ref name="BarnesPage8485">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Thomas Garden |title=Hastings College of the Law: The First Century |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Hastings College of the Law Press |location=San Francisco |pages=84–85 }}</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3HwWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA215 People v. Kewen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905061007/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HwWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA215#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=September 5, 2024 }}'', 69 Cal. 215, 10 P. 393 (1886).</ref> To this day, the College of the Law (which dropped Hastings from its name in 2023) remains a UC affiliate, maintains its own board of directors, and is not governed by the regents.<ref name="Stadtman4" /><ref name="BarnesPage8485" />
[[File:Animal Science Building, UC Davis (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[George Hart Hall|Hart Hall]] at [[UC Davis]], built in 1928, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.]]
In contrast, [[Toland Medical College]] (founded in 1864 and affiliated in 1873) and later, the dental, pharmacy, and nursing schools in San Francisco were affiliated with UC through written agreements, and not statutes invested with constitutional importance by court decisions.<ref name="Stadtman4" /> In the early 20th century, the Affiliated Colleges (as they came to be called) began to agree to submit to the regents' governance during the term of President [[Benjamin Ide Wheeler]], as the Board of Regents had come to recognize the problems inherent in the existence of independent entities that shared the UC brand but over which UC had no real control.<ref name="Stadtman4" /> While Hastings remained independent, the Affiliated Colleges were able to increasingly coordinate their operations with one another under the supervision of the UC president and regents, and evolved into the health sciences campus known today as the University of California, San Francisco.<ref name="Stadtman4" />

===Becoming a research university===

Section 1 of the Organic Act authorized the university to "provide instruction and complete education" in many different fields and professions,<ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=srpAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA248 Cal. Stats., 17th sess., 1867–1868, ch. 244, § 1, p. 248].</ref> but the text of the Organic Act is notably silent about [[research]].<ref name="Stadtman_Page_509">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/508 508-509] }}</ref>  It was not until the 1930s, during the administration of President Sproul, that UC's mission drifted away from its traditional focus on instruction—which became the province of the California State University—and towards research.<ref name="Stadtman_Page_509" />  Sproul started to speak of UC's missions as "teaching, research, and public service",<ref name="Stadtman_Page_509" /> which remains true today.<ref name="UC Mission">{{cite web |title=About UCOP: UC's Mission |url=https://www.ucop.edu/about/mission/index.html |website=University of California Office of the President |publisher=Regents of the University of California}}</ref> Thus, UC evolved into a research university whose faculty and staff would perform research to contribute directly to society, as opposed to indirect contributions by instructing students to equip them with the skills needed to later perform research in their own careers.<ref name="Stadtman_Page_509" /> The Master Plan for Higher Education, as enacted into state law in 1960, provides that UC "shall be the primary state-supported academic agency for research".<ref name="section66010.4">[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=EDC&sectionNum=66010.4. California Education Code Section 66010.4].</ref>

===North-south tensions===
[[File:Powell Library (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[Powell Library]], built in 1929, is one of the four oldest buildings on the [[UCLA]] campus.]]
In August 1882, the [[California State Normal School]] (whose original [[normal school]] in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] is now [[San Jose State University]]) opened a second school in Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjsu.edu/about_sjsu/history/timeline/1880/ |title=San José State University: About SJSU: 1880–1899 |publisher=San José State University |access-date=May 3, 2013 |archive-date=July 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712123706/http://www.sjsu.edu/about_sjsu/history/timeline/1880/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1887, the Los Angeles school was granted its own board of trustees independent of the San Jose school, and in 1919, the state legislature transferred it to UC control and renamed it the Southern Branch of the University of California.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/special/scweb/archives.htm |title=UCLA Library Special Collections / University Archives Home Page |access-date=June 20, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615035434/http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/special/scweb/archives.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2006 }}</ref> In 1927, it became the [[University of California, Los Angeles|University of California at Los Angeles]]; the "at" would be replaced with a comma in 1958.<ref name="Dundjerski">{{cite book |last1=Dundjerski |first1=Marina |title=UCLA: The First Century |date=2011 |publisher=Third Millennium Publishing |location=Los Angeles |isbn=9781906507374 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbLr-4QteEYC&pg=PA46 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927174250/https://books.google.com/books?id=WbLr-4QteEYC&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Los Angeles surpassed San Francisco in the [[1920 United States Census|1920 census]] to become the most populous metropolis in California. Because Los Angeles had become the state government's single largest source of both tax revenue and votes, its residents felt entitled to demand more prestige and autonomy for their campus. Their efforts bore fruit in March 1951, when UCLA became the first UC site outside of Berkeley to achieve ''de jure'' coequal status with the Berkeley campus. That month, the regents approved a reorganization plan under which both the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses would be supervised by chancellors reporting to the UC president.<ref name="Stadtman2">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/355 355–358] }}</ref><ref name="MargaretLeslieDavis">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Margaret Leslie |title=The Culture Broker: Franklin D. Murphy and the Transformation of Los Angeles |date=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520925557 |page=[https://archive.org/details/culturebrokerfra00davi/page/28 28] |url=https://archive.org/details/culturebrokerfra00davi |url-access=registration |access-date=August 30, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ClarkKerr1">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |pages=458–462 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA458 |access-date=August 30, 2016 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060934/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA458#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ChancellorBylaw">[https://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/governance/bylaws/bl31.html Bylaw 31, Chancellors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518203900/http://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/governance/bylaws/bl31.html |date=May 18, 2018 }}, Bylaws of the Regents of the University of California.</ref> However, the 1951 plan was severely flawed; it was overly vague about how the chancellors were to become the "executive heads" of their campuses. Due to stubborn resistance from President Sproul and several vice presidents and deans—who simply carried on as before—the chancellors ended up as glorified [[Provost (education)|provosts]] with limited control over academic affairs and long-range planning while the president and the regents retained ''de facto'' control over everything else.<ref name="ClarkKerr2">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |pages=39–55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA39 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060934/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Transformation and decentralization===

[[File:Campus of the University of California, Irvine (aerial view, circa 2006).jpg|thumb|[[UC Irvine]] was founded and had its campus built out in the 1960s.]]
Upon becoming president in October 1957, Clark Kerr supervised UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960.<ref name="ClarkKerr3">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |pages=191–205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA191 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060936/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Trombley">{{cite news |last1=Trombley |first1=William |title=Chancellors Emerge as Powerful Force in University: New Role of UC Campus Chiefs Seen as One of Most Significant Developments of Past Five Years |work=Los Angeles Times |date=December 27, 1965 |page=A1}} Available through [[ProQuest]] Historical Newspapers.</ref> Kerr's reforms included expressly granting all campus chancellors the full range of executive powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had denied to Kerr himself, as well as the radical decentralization of a tightly knit bureaucracy in which all lines of authority had always run directly to the president at Berkeley or to the regents themselves.<ref name="ClarkKerr3" /><ref name="Trombley" /><ref name="ChancellorBylaw" /> In 1965, UCLA Chancellor [[Franklin David Murphy|Franklin D. Murphy]] tried to push this to what he saw as its logical conclusion: he advocated for authorizing all chancellors to report directly to the Board of Regents, thereby rendering the UC president redundant.<ref name="ClarkKerr6">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |pages=206–218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA206 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905061016/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA206#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Murphy wanted to transform UC from one federated university into a confederation of independent universities, similar to [[Kansas Board of Regents|the situation in Kansas]] (from where he was recruited).<ref name="ClarkKerr6" /> Murphy was unable to develop any support for his proposal, Kerr quickly put down what he thought of as "Murphy's rebellion", and therefore Kerr's vision of UC as a university system prevailed: "one university with pluralistic decision-making".<ref name="ClarkKerr6" />
[[File:Geisel Library, UCSD.jpg|thumb|right|[[Geisel Library]], at [[UC San Diego]], was built in 1970.]]
During the 20th century, UC acquired additional satellite locations which, like Los Angeles, were all subordinate to administrators at the Berkeley campus. California farmers lobbied for UC to perform [[applied research]] responsive to their immediate needs; in 1905, the Legislature established a "University Farm School" at [[Davis, California|Davis]] and in 1907 a "Citrus Experiment Station" at [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] as adjuncts to the College of Agriculture at Berkeley. In 1912, UC acquired a [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography|private oceanography laboratory]] in San Diego, which had been founded nine years earlier by local business promoters working with a Berkeley professor. In 1944, UC acquired Santa Barbara State College from the California State Colleges, the descendants of the State Normal Schools.<ref name="Gerth">{{cite book |last1=Gerth |first1=Donald R. |title=The People's University: A History of the California State University |date=2010 |publisher=Berkeley Public Policy Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780877724353 |page=39 }}</ref> In 1958, the regents began promoting these locations to general campuses, thereby creating [[University of California, Santa Barbara|UCSB]] (1958), [[University of California, Davis|UC Davis]] (1959), [[University of California, Riverside|UC Riverside]] (1959), [[University of California, San Diego|UC San Diego]] (1960), and [[University of California, San Francisco|UCSF]] (1964).<ref name="Stadtman3">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/400 400–420] }}</ref><ref name="ClarkKerr4">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA221 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060937/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA221#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Each campus was also granted the right to have its own chancellor upon promotion. In response to California's continued population growth, UC opened two additional general campuses in 1965, with [[University of California, Irvine|UC Irvine]] opening in [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UC Santa Cruz]] opening in [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]].<ref name="Stadtman3" /> The youngest campus, [[University of California, Merced|UC Merced]] opened in fall 2005 to serve the [[San Joaquin Valley]].
[[File:UCSC Science Hill 2017-05-05.jpg|thumb|[[UC Santa Cruz]], founded in 1965.]]
After losing campuses in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara to the University of California system, supporters of the California State College system arranged for the state constitution to be amended in 1946 to prevent similar losses from happening again in the future.<ref name="Gerth" />

With decentralization complete, it was decided in 1986 that the UC president should no longer be based at the Berkeley campus, and the UC Office of the President moved to [[Kaiser Center]] in Oakland in 1989.<ref name="Johnson_Page_84">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Dean C. |title=The University of California: History and Achievements |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPueAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kaiser%20center%22 |access-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060938/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPueAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kaiser%20center%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> That lakefront location was subject to widespread criticism as "too elegant and too corporate for a public university".<ref name="Pelfrey_Page_55">{{cite book |last1=Pelfrey |first1=Patricia A. |title=Entrepreneurial President: Richard Atkinson and the University of California, 1995–2003 |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520952218 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3yqEtmUPXsC&pg=PA55 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406145824/https://books.google.com/books?id=j3yqEtmUPXsC&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, the Office of the President moved again, to a newly constructed but much more modest building near the former site of the College of California in Oakland.<ref name="Pelfrey_Page_180">{{cite book |last1=Pelfrey |first1=Patricia A. |title=Entrepreneurial President: Richard Atkinson and the University of California, 1995–2003 |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520952218 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3yqEtmUPXsC&pg=PA180 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406172401/https://books.google.com/books?id=j3yqEtmUPXsC&pg=PA180 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:UCMSciEng (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[UC Merced]], founded in 2005.]]
The Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960 established that UC must admit undergraduates from the top 12.5% (one-eighth) of graduating high school seniors in California. Prior to the promulgation of the Master Plan, UC was to admit undergraduates from the top 15%. UC does not currently adhere to all tenets of the original Master Plan, such as the directives that no campus was to exceed total enrollment of 27,500 students (in order to ensure quality) and that public higher education should be [[College tuition in the United States|tuition-free]] for California residents. Five campuses, Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, and San Diego, each have current total enrollment at over 30,000, and of these five, all but Irvine have undergraduate enrollments over 30,000.<ref name=Enrollment>{{cite web |title=Fall Enrollment At A Glance |date=January 19, 2024 |url=https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/infocenter/fall-enrollment-glance |publisher=University of California |access-date=March 17, 2024 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506160714/https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/infocenter/fall-enrollment-glance |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the state electorate severely limited long-term [[property tax]] revenue by enacting [[California Proposition 13 (1978)|Proposition 13]] in 1978, UC was forced to make up for the resulting collapse in state financial support by imposing a variety of fees which were tuition in all but name.<ref name="Lindsay">{{cite news |last1=Lindsay |first1=Leon |title=Will California's tuition-free colleges become history? |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1982/1217/121742.html |access-date=August 29, 2016 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |publisher=The First Church of Christ, Scientist |date=December 17, 1982 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927010001/https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/1217/121742.html |archive-date=September 27, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Lindsey">{{cite news |last1=Lindsey |first1=Robert |title=California Weighs End of Free College Education |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/28/science/california-weighs-end-of-free-college-education.html |access-date=August 29, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=December 28, 1982 |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815151030/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/28/science/california-weighs-end-of-free-college-education.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gordon">{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Larry |title=California universities consider adopting the T-word: tuition |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-14-la-me-tuition-20100614-story.html |access-date=August 29, 2016 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417230527/https://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/14/local/la-me-tuition-20100614 |archive-date=April 17, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 18, 2010, the regents finally gave up on the longstanding [[legal fiction]] that UC does not charge tuition by renaming the Educational Fee to "Tuition".<ref>Regents of the University of California, [http://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/governance/policies/3101.html Regents Policy 3101: The University of California Student Tuition and Fee Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523015848/http://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/governance/policies/3101.html |date=May 23, 2016 }}, UC Office of the President (as approved on January 21, 1994, and with amendments through November 18, 2010).</ref> As part of its search for funds during the 2000s and 2010s, UC quietly began to admit higher percentages of highly accomplished (and more lucrative) students from other states and countries,<ref name="Warren">{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=Jeffrey E. |title=UC, where are your native sons and daughters? |url=https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/UC-where-are-your-native-sons-and-daughters-2354592.php |work=SFGate |publisher=Hearst Communications |date=July 14, 2011 |access-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123022137/https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/UC-where-are-your-native-sons-and-daughters-2354592.php |url-status=live }}</ref> but was forced to reverse course in 2015 in response to the inevitable public outcry and start admitting more California residents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jordan |first1=Miriam |last2=Belkin |first2=Douglas |title=Foreign Students Pinch University of California Home-State Admissions |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-students-pinch-university-of-california-home-state-admissions-1447650060 |access-date=August 30, 2016 |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc. |date=November 16, 2015 |archive-date=August 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827214714/http://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-students-pinch-university-of-california-home-state-admissions-1447650060 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Saul |first1=Stephanie |title=Public Colleges Chase Out-of-State Students, and Tuition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/08/us/public-colleges-chase-out-of-state-students-and-tuition.html |access-date=August 26, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=July 7, 2016 |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828053751/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/08/us/public-colleges-chase-out-of-state-students-and-tuition.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 14, 2022, about 48,000 academic workers at all ten UC campuses, as well as the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]], went on [[2022 University of California academic workers' strike|strike for higher pay and benefits]] as authorized by the [[United Auto Workers]] (UAW) union.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Toohey |first1=Grace |last2=Lin |first2=Summer |last3=San Román |first3=Gabriel |title=UC officials call for mediator as strike by 48,000 academic workers causes systemwide disruptions |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-14/university-of-california-strike-academic-workers-graduate-students |date=November 14, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115000725/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-14/university-of-california-strike-academic-workers-graduate-students |url-status=live }}</ref> UAW alleged more than 20 [[unfair labor practice]] charges against UC, including unilateral changes in policy and obstructing worker negotiation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ucsdguardian.org/2022/11/03/breaking-uaw-academic-union-workers-across-uc-campuses-overwhelmingly-vote-to-authorize-strike/ |title=BREAKING: Thousands of UAW Academic Union Workers Across UC Campuses Vote to Authorize Strike |first=Niloufar |last=Shahbandi |website=[[UCSD Guardian|The Guardian]] |publisher=University of California, San Diego |date=November 3, 2022 |access-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115002141/https://ucsdguardian.org/2022/11/03/breaking-uaw-academic-union-workers-across-uc-campuses-overwhelmingly-vote-to-authorize-strike/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The strike lasted almost six weeks, officially ending on December 23.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hubler |first=Shawn |date=December 24, 2022 |title=University of California Academic Workers End Strike |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/23/us/university-california-workers-strike.html |access-date=January 4, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224030049/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/23/us/university-california-workers-strike.html |url-status=live }}</ref>