Editing Universalism (section)

==Philosophy==
===Philosophical universalism<!--'Philosophical universalism' and 'Universality (philosophy)' redirect here-->===
In [[philosophy]], '''universality''' is the idea that universal facts exist and can be discovered, as opposed to [[relativism]], which asserts that all facts are relative to one's perspective.<ref name="SEP Relativism">{{cite web |title=Relativism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relativism/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=13 July 2020|quote=...relativism...denies the universality of certain truth claims...}}</ref>

=== Moral universalism ===
{{Main|Moral universalism|Moral particularism}}
Moral universalism (also called ''moral objectivism'' or ''universal morality'') is the [[meta-ethics|meta-ethical]] position that some system of [[ethics]] applies universally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/u.htm|title=Philosophical Dictionary: "universalizability"|website=www.philosophypages.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820235357/http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/u.htm|archive-date=2007-08-20|quote=universalizability: The applicability of a moral rule to all similarly situated individuals.}}</ref>  That system is inclusive of all individuals,<ref name=PhilPages>{{cite web |url=http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/u.htm#unvby |title=A Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names |work=Philosophy Pages |first=Garth|last=Kemerling |date=November 12, 2011}} According to [http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/kant.htm Immanuel Kant] and [http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/h.htm#hare Richard Mervyn Hare]...moral imperatives must be regarded as equally binding on everyone.</ref> regardless of [[culture]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[sex]], [[religion]], [[nationality]], [[sexual orientation]], or any other distinguishing feature.<ref name=Gowans>{{cite encyclopedia |quote=Let us say that moral objectivism maintains that moral judgments are ordinarily true or false in an absolute or universal sense, that some of them are true, and that people sometimes are justified in accepting true moral judgments (and rejecting false ones) on the basis of evidence available to any reasonable and well-informed person. |first=Chris|last=Gowans |title=Moral Relativism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |edition=Spring 2012 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/moral-relativism/ |date=Dec 9, 2008}}</ref> Moral universalism is opposed to [[moral nihilism]] and [[moral relativism]]. However, not all forms of moral universalism are [[moral absolutism|absolutist]], nor do they necessarily [[value monism]]. Many forms of universalism, such as [[utilitarianism]], are non-absolutist. Other forms such as those theorized by [[Isaiah Berlin]], may [[value pluralism|value pluralist ideals.]]