Editing United States Marshals Service (section)

==History==

===Origins===
The office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress. President George Washington signed the [[Judiciary Act of 1789|Judiciary Act]] into law on September 24, 1789.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Marshals Celebrate 225 Years of Service|url=https://www.justice.gov/marshals/news/chron/2014/225/index.html|website=Department Of Justice|access-date=October 30, 2014|archive-date=December 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204101716/http://www.justice.gov/marshals/news/chron/2014/225/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Act provided that a United States Marshal's primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States. The law defined marshals as officers of the courts charged with assisting federal courts in their law-enforcement functions:

{{Blockquote|And be it further enacted, That a marshal shall be appointed in and for each district for a term of four years, but shall be removable from office at pleasure, whose duty it shall be to attend the district and circuit courts when sitting therein, and also the Supreme Court in the district in which that court shall sit. And to execute throughout the district, all lawful precepts directed to him, and issued under the authority of the United States, and he shall have the power to command all necessary assistance in the execution of his duty, and to appoint as shall be occasion, one or more deputies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/oldest.htm |title=U.S. Marshals Service, History, Oldest Federal Law Enforcement Agency |work=Usmarshals.gov |date=2004-06-03 |access-date=2012-06-11 |archive-date=May 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513072004/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/oldest.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Six days after signing the act into law, President Washington appointed the first thirteen U.S. Marshals, for each of the then extant federal districts.<ref name=jud1789>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=U.S. Marshals Service: History - The Judiciary Act of 1789: Charter for U.S. Marshals and Deputies: Appointment of the First 13 Marshals |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/judiciary/judiary_act_of_1789_8.htm |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.usmarshals.gov |date=June 16, 2020 |language=en-us |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705073057/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/judiciary/judiary_act_of_1789_8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=U.S. Marshals Service: Historical Timeline |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/timeline.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.usmarshals.gov |language=en-us |quote=President George Washington appointed the first 13 U.S. Marshals following the passage of the first Judiciary Act. |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513021319/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/timeline.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> To each of his appointees for Marshal and District Attorney, the president addressed a form letter:

{{Blockquote|I have the pleasure to inform you that you are appointed (Marshal or Attorney) for the District of _______ and your Commission is enclosed, accompanied with such Laws as have passed relative to the Judicial Department of the United States.

The high importance of the Judicial System in our National Government made it an indispensable duty to select such Characters to fill the several offices in it as would discharge their respective trust with honor to themselves and advantage to their Country.<ref name=jud1789/>}}

The critical Supreme Court decision affirming the legal authority of the federal marshals was made in {{ussc|name=In re Neagle|135|1|1890}}.

[[File:Morgan Earp.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Deputy U.S. Marshal [[Morgan Earp]] in an 1881 photograph]]

For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs, typically controlled by the district judge. They were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Marshals and Their Deputies: 1789-1989 |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/who-we-are/history/historical-reading-room/lawmen-united-states-marshals-and-their-deputies-1789-1989 |website=U.S. Marshals Service |access-date=25 March 2023 |date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325233229/https://www.usmarshals.gov/who-we-are/history/historical-reading-room/lawmen-united-states-marshals-and-their-deputies-1789-1989 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the first U.S. Marshals had already proven themselves in military service during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Among the first marshals were [[John Adams]]'s son-in-law Congressman [[William Stephens Smith]] for the District of [[New York (state)|New York]], another New York district marshal, Congressman [[Thomas Morris (New York)|Thomas Morris]], and [[Henry Dearborn]] for the [[District of Maine]].

From the nation's earliest days, marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires, or as temporary transfers to the Marshals Service from other federal law-enforcement agencies. Marshals were also authorized to swear in a [[Posse comitatus|posse]] to assist with manhunts, and other duties, ad hoc. Marshals were given extensive authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts, and to carry out all lawful orders issued by federal judges, Congress, or the President. Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions. Local law enforcement officials were often called "marshals" so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official.

Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work, but that was only a minor part of their workload. The largest part of the business was paper work—serving [[writ]]s (e.g., [[subpoena]]s, [[summons]]es, [[warrant (law)|warrants]]), and other processes issued by the courts, making arrests and handling all federal prisoners. They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts. Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the [[court clerk]]s, [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorneys]], jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space, and hired the [[bailiff]]s, [[crier]]s, and janitors. They made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and that the witnesses were on time. The marshals thus provided local representation for the federal government within their districts. They took the national [[census]] every decade through 1870. They distributed [[presidential proclamation]]s, collected a variety of statistical information on commerce and manufacturing, supplied the names of government employees for the national register, and performed other routine tasks needed for the central government to function effectively.

===19th century===
During the settlement of the [[American frontier]], marshals served as the main source of day-to-day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Larry D. |title=The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories, 1846-1912 |date=1978 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |isbn=9780826306173}}</ref> U.S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the "[[American West|Old West]]" era. They were involved in apprehending desperadoes such as [[Bill Doolin]], [[Ned Christie]], and in 1893, the infamous [[Dalton Gang]] after a shoot-out that left dead Deputy Marshals Ham Hueston and Lafe Shadley, and posse member Dick Speed. Individual deputy marshals have been seen as legendary heroes in the face of rampant lawlessness (see [[#Notable marshals and deputy marshals|Notable marshals]] below) with [[Wyatt Earp]], [[Bat Masterson]], [[Dallas Stoudenmire]], and [[Bass Reeves]] as examples of well-known marshals. [[Bill Tilghman]], [[Heck Thomas]], and [[Chris Madsen]] formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as "[[Three Guardsmen]]" when they worked together policing the vast, lawless [[Oklahoma Territory|Oklahoma]] and [[Indian Territory|Indian Territories]].

Until its repeal in 1864, the [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]] tasked marshals to accept an affidavit on its face to recover a fugitive slave.

On October 26, 1881, Deputy U.S. Marshal [[Virgil Earp]], his brothers, Special Deputy U.S. Marshals [[Morgan Earp|Morgan]] and [[Wyatt Earp]], and Special Deputy U.S. Marshal [[Doc Holliday|John "Doc" H. Holliday]] gunned down [[Frank McLaury|Frank]] and [[Tom McLaury]] and [[Billy Clanton]] in the legendary [[gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] in [[Tombstone, Arizona]]. In 1894, U.S. Marshals helped suppress the [[Pullman Strike]].

====Marshals of the Consular Court====
During the 19th century, the United States government appointed marshals to be attached to the courts of American consulates in [[Qing dynasty|China]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]]. The duties of these marshals included settling shipboard disputes and mutinies aboard American vessels, the apprehension of runaway sailors and American crews engaged in the illegal slave trade, adjusting claims for damages caused by American sailors to natives, and the rescue of natives kidnapped for slavery by Americans.<ref>{{cite report |author= |author-link= |date=1863 |title=Reports of Committees: 30th Congress, 1st Session - 48th Congress, 2nd Session, Volume 1  |publisher=United States Senate |page= |docket= |quote=}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{Multiple image
|image1=James Meredith OleMiss.jpg|caption1=U.S. Marshals accompanying [[James Meredith]] to class
|image2=US Marshals with Young Ruby Bridges on School Steps.jpg|caption2=Marshals escort six-year-old [[Ruby Bridges]] from school.}}

During the 1920s, U.S. Marshals enforced [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. Marshals registered enemy aliens in wartime, sealed the American border against armed expeditions from foreign countries, and at times during the [[Cold War]] also swapped spies with the [[Soviet Union]].

In the 1960s the marshals were on the front lines of the [[civil rights movement]], mainly providing protection to volunteers. In September 1962, President [[John F. Kennedy]] ordered 127 marshals to accompany [[James Meredith]], an [[African American]] who wished to register at the segregated [[University of Mississippi]]. Their presence on campus provoked riots at the university, but the marshals stood their ground, and Meredith registered. Marshals provided continuous protection to Meredith during his first year at Ole Miss, and Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]] later proudly displayed a deputy marshal's dented helmet in his office. U.S. Marshals also protected black school children integrating public schools in the South. Artist [[Norman Rockwell]]'s famous painting ''[[The Problem We All Live With]]'' depicted a tiny [[Ruby Bridges]] being escorted by four towering United States Marshals in 1964.

In 1956, the Executive Office for U.S. Marshals was created as "the first organization to supervise U.S. Marshals nationwide". Until 1966, each U.S. district court hired and administered its own marshals independently from all others. The United States Marshals Service was created in 1969.<ref name="Archives1">{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/527.html |title=Records of the United States Marshals Service |access-date=June 9, 2010 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |archive-date=June 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621115928/http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/527.html |url-status=live }} {{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/general-1209.html |title=''Fact Sheets: General Information'' |access-date=June 26, 2010 |publisher=U.S. Marshals Service |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527151643/http://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/general-1209.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/jmd/mps/manual/usms.htm |title=United States Marshals Service |date=August 13, 2007 |access-date=June 9, 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203210/http://www.justice.gov/jmd/mps/manual/usms.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since June 1975, the Marshals Service has the mission of providing law enforcement support and escort security to [[United States Air Force]] [[LGM-30 Minuteman]] and missile systems from military facilities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turk |first1=David S. |title=Forging the star : the official modern history of the United States Marshals Service |date=2016 |publisher=University of North Texas Press |location=Denton, Texas |isbn=9781574416541}}</ref>

In 1985, the Marshals Service partnered with local Washington, D.C. law enforcement officers to create [[Operation Flagship]], arresting fugitives by using faked free tickets to a local American football game as a lure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Emery |first=Debbie |date=2017-09-12 |title=ESPN's '30 for 30' Short 'Strike Team' Recalls How US Marshals Lured Fugitives With NFL Tickets |url=https://www.thewrap.com/espns-30-for-30-film-strike-team-recalls-how-us-marshals-lured-fugitives-with-nfl-tickets/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301194818/https://www.thewrap.com/espns-30-for-30-film-strike-team-recalls-how-us-marshals-lured-fugitives-with-nfl-tickets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1989, the Marshals Service was given jurisdiction over crimes committed relating to U.S. personnel in Antarctica.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/antarctica/ |title=U.S. Marshals make legal presence in Antarctica |access-date=January 8, 2007 |publisher=United States Marshals Service |archive-date=February 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205115539/http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/antarctica/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], 200 deputy marshals of the [[Police tactical unit|tactical unit]] [[#Special Operations Group|Special Operations Group]] were dispatched to assist local and state authorities in restoring peace and order throughout [[Los Angeles County, California]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-king-case-aftermath-a-city-in-crisis-19920502-story.html |title=King case aftermath: A city in crisis |first1=Paul |last1=Lieberman |first2=Dean E. |last2=Murphy |date=May 2, 1992 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221085634/https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-king-case-aftermath-a-city-in-crisis-19920502-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s, deputy marshals protected abortion clinics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/02/us/marshals-sent-to-a-dozen-abortion-clinics-in-drive-to-halt-violence.html |title=Marshals Sent to a Dozen Abortion Clinics in Drive to Halt Violence |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=David |last=Johnston |date=August 2, 1994 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926111059/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/02/us/marshals-sent-to-a-dozen-abortion-clinics-in-drive-to-halt-violence.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/08/02/us-marshals-dispatched-to-guard-abortion-clinics/80067334-dd30-4a0a-9a00-bfa438da968a/ |title=U.S. Marshals Dispatched to Guard Abortion Clinics |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Pierre |last=Thomas |author-link=Pierre Thomas (journalist) |date= August 2, 1994 |access-date=September 26, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/judge-orders-us-marshals-to-prevent-closing-of-abortion-clinics.html |title=Judge Orders U.S. Marshals to Prevent Closing of Abortion Clinics |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 30, 1991 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926111056/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/judge-orders-us-marshals-to-prevent-closing-of-abortion-clinics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===21st century===
Marshals have protected American athletes at [[Olympic Games]],<ref>{{cite press release |title=Preparing for the World: Homeland Security and Winter Olympics |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020110-7.html |website=The White House |access-date=25 March 2023 |date=10 January 2002 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604051021/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020110-7.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[refugee]] boy [[Elián González]] before his return to [[Cuba]] in 2000,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bragg |first1=Rick |title=The Elian Gonzalez Case: The Overview; Cuban Boy Seized by U.S. Agents and Reunited With His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/us/elian-gonzalez-case-overview-cuban-boy-seized-us-agents-reunited-with-his-father.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 April 2000 |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227114031/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/us/elian-gonzalez-case-overview-cuban-boy-seized-us-agents-reunited-with-his-father.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[abortion]] clinics<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/01/us-shooting-abortion-doctor-rightwing-militia?CMP=gu_com |title=Security stepped up at abortion clinics in US after killing of Dr George Tiller |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Chris |last=McGreal |date=June 1, 2009 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926105822/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/01/us-shooting-abortion-doctor-rightwing-militia?CMP=gu_com |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2009/05/31/attorney-general-directs-us-marshals-to-protect-abortion-clinics-providers/ |title=Attorney general directs U.S. marshals to protect abortion clinics, providers |publisher=Colorado Independent |first=Ernest |last=Luning |date=May 31, 2009 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926105834/https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2009/05/31/attorney-general-directs-us-marshals-to-protect-abortion-clinics-providers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as required by federal law. In 2003, Marshals retrieved North Carolina's copy of the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History in Custody: The U.S. Marshals Service Takes Possession of North Carolina's Copy of the Bill of Rights |date=June 19, 2020 |publisher=United States Marshals Service |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/north_carolina_bill_of_rights.htm |access-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125155807/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/north_carolina_bill_of_rights.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, the Marshals Service was tasked by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) to provide protective security and law enforcement capabilities in the protection of the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] (SNS), such as warehouses, materiel and CDC personnel during deployment. Marshals also provide secure transportation of critical medical supplies and bio-terrorism response resources throughout the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/pubs/pub99.pdf |title=Operations Support Division |access-date=January 7, 2018 |publisher=United States Marshals Service |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211224849/https://www.usmarshals.gov//pubs/pub99.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Senior Inspectors of the U.S. Marshals Service SNS Security Operations (SNSSO) Program have deployed to [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005 and responded during the [[H1N1 flu (outbreak in the US)|H1N1 flu pandemic]] in 2009. SNSSO Senior Inspectors have also staffed [[National Security Special Event]]s (NSSE) with their state, local and other federal partners on a regular basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourdigitalmags.com/display_article.php?id=1762258&view=217704 |title=The U.S. Marshals Service, Strategic National Stockpile Security Operations |access-date=January 7, 2018 |magazine=Sheriff Magazine |archive-date=January 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061054/http://www.ourdigitalmags.com/display_article.php?id=1762258&view=217704 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, the Sex Offenders Investigations Branch (SOIB) was formed on July 27 with the passage of the [[Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act]] (AWA). The SOIB carries out the USMS's three principal responsibilities under the AWA: assist state, local, tribal and territorial authorities in the location and apprehension of non-compliant and fugitive sex offenders; investigate violations of the act for federal prosecution, and assist in the identification and location of sex offenders relocated as a result of a major disaster. To ensure the safety of communities and children across the country, the USMS has implemented an aggressive enforcement strategy for its responsibilities under the AWA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/index.html|title=U.S. Marshals Service|first=U. S. Marshals|last=Service (USMS)|website=www.usmarshals.gov|access-date=February 11, 2021|archive-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220416/https://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This branch apprehends sex offenders, primarily those who prey on minors. Offenders are apprehended due to failure to register, among other things.

In February 2017, Marshals began providing protective security to [[United States Secretary of Education]] [[Betsy DeVos]], the first time since 2009 that a [[United States Cabinet]]-level official has been provided security by the Marshals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas-Gabriel |first1=Danielle |last2=Brown |first2=Emma |title=Betsy DeVos being guarded by U.S. Marshals Service |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/betsy-devos-is-now-being-guarded-by-us-marshals/2017/02/17/7dc341f4-f54b-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220172556/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/betsy-devos-is-now-being-guarded-by-us-marshals/2017/02/17/7dc341f4-f54b-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Marshals were deployed to keep order in [[Washington, D.C.]] during the [[George Floyd protests]] on May 31, 2020,<ref>{{cite news |title=Fires, Looting, Tear Gas: DC in Turmoil Following 3rd Night of Protests |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/3rd-day-george-floyd-protests-washington-dc/2318177/ |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=NBC4 Washington |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=1 June 2020 |quote="In a rare move, US Marshals and DEA agents were activated to assist police." |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320125931/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/3rd-day-george-floyd-protests-washington-dc/2318177/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as during the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|last2=Mangan|first1=Amanda |last1=Macias |first2=Dan|date=2021-01-06|title=U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html|access-date=2021-01-07|website=[[CNBC]]|language=en|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107030000/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 29, 2024, in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], one Marshal, two Department of Adult Corrections officers, and one local police officer on a task force [[2024 Charlotte shootout|were killed]] serving a warrant on a man for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Four [[Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department]] officers were wounded.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/charlotte-north-carolina-shooting-police-42d3e25ec6ec990634c9ac209e0f779a | title=4 law officers serving warrant are killed, 4 wounded in shootout at North Carolina home, police say | website=[[Associated Press News]] | date=April 29, 2024 }}</ref>