Editing United Airlines Flight 93 (section)

==Hijackers==
{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
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| image1            = Ziad Jarrah, 2001.jpg
| caption1          = Ziad Jarrah (pilot)
| image2            = Ahmed al-Haznawi 2.jpg
| caption2          = Ahmed al-Haznawi
| image3            = Al-Nami.png
| caption3          = Ahmed al-Nami
| image4            = SAlghamdi.JPG
| caption4          = Saeed al-Ghamdi
| header            = United Airlines Flight 93 hijackers
| perrow            = 2 / 2
| caption_align     = center
}}

The hijacking of Flight&nbsp;93 was led by [[Ziad Jarrah]], a member of [[al-Qaeda]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Helen |title=Hijack Plot Bared On Al Qaeda Video |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2002-09-10/news/18215478_1_laden-al-jazeera-tv-mohammed-and-binalshibh |date=September 10, 2002 |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025165113/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2002-09-10/news/18215478_1_laden-al-jazeera-tv-mohammed-and-binalshibh |archive-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref> He was born in Lebanon to a wealthy and secular Muslim family.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yardley |first=Jonathan |title=The 9/11 Hijackers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/28/AR2005042801315_pf.html |date=May 1, 2005 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=October 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014000048/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/28/AR2005042801315_pf.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He intended to become a pilot and moved to Germany in 1996, enrolling at the [[University of Greifswald]] to study German.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Story of Ziad Jarrah |url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/thepilot/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925084319/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/thepilot/story.html |archive-date=September 25, 2008 |date=January 19, 2005 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=August 24, 2008}}</ref> A year later, he moved to Hamburg and began studying [[Aerospace engineering|aeronautical engineering]] at the [[Hamburg University of Applied Sciences]].<ref name="CNN4">{{cite news |title=Hamburg cell reveals details |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/18/inv.hamburg.suspects/index.html |date=September 18, 2001 |work=CNN |access-date=June 22, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123143601/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/18/inv.hamburg.suspects/index.html |archive-date=January 23, 2009}}</ref> In Hamburg, Jarrah became a devout Muslim and associated with the radical [[Hamburg cell]].<ref name="CNN4" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Freedberg |first=Sydney P |title=He seemed like such a nice boy |url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/101401/Worldandnation/He_seemed_like_such_a.shtml |date=October 14, 2001 |work=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=April 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415091939/http://www.sptimes.com/News/101401/Worldandnation/He_seemed_like_such_a.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 1999, Jarrah left Hamburg for [[Afghanistan]], where he spent three months.<ref name="Mastermind">{{cite book |title=Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack |url=https://archive.org/details/mastermindsofter00fawd |url-access=registration |author1=Fouda, Yosri |first2=Nick |last2=Fielding |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |publisher=Arcane Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mastermindsofter00fawd/page/128 128, 130] |isbn=978-1559707084}}</ref> While there, he met with al-Qaeda leader [[Osama bin Laden]] in January 2000.<ref>{{cite news |last=Popkin |first=Jim |title=Video showing Atta, bin Laden is unearthed |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15082633 |date=October 1, 2006 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005043335/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15082633/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Jarrah returned to Hamburg at the end of January and in February obtained a new passport containing no stamped records of his travels by reporting his passport as stolen.<ref name="Chap5">{{cite book |chapter=Al Qaeda Aims at the American Homeland |chapter-url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch5.htm |year=2004 |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |access-date=July 2, 2008 |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529080700/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch5.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mastermind" />

In May, Jarrah received a visa from the [[Embassy of the United States in Berlin|U.S. Embassy in Berlin]],<ref>{{cite news |title=George Tenet's al-Qaida testimony |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/18/alqaida.terrorism1 |date=October 18, 2002 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=August 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826173103/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/18/alqaida.terrorism1 |url-status=live}}</ref> arriving in Florida in June 2000. There, he began taking flying lessons and training in hand-to-hand combat.<ref name="Chrono">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Ch2.pdf |title=Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel |chapter=Chronology |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |page=40 |access-date=June 22, 2008 |archive-date=May 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529193648/http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Ch2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Candiotti |first=Susann |title=FBI returns to suspected hijacker's gym |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/19/inv.fbi.gym/index.html |date=September 19, 2001 |work=CNN |access-date=July 19, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123143413/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/19/inv.fbi.gym/index.html |archive-date=January 23, 2009}}</ref> Jarrah maintained contact with his girlfriend in Germany and with his family in Lebanon in the months preceding the attacks.<ref>{{cite web |last=Locy |first=Toni |title=Al-Qaeda's Moussaoui pleads guilty in plot to strike U.S. buildings with planes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-22-guilty_x.htm |date=April 22, 2005 |work=USA Today |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=September 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929032301/https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-22-guilty_x.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This close contact upset [[Mohamed Atta]], the tactical leader of the plot, and al-Qaeda planners may have considered another operative, [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], to replace him if he had backed out.<ref>{{cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |title=9/11 Panel Says Plot Eyed 10 Planes; No Iraq Tie Seen |work=The Boston Globe |date=June 17, 2004}}</ref>

Four "muscle" hijackers were trained to storm the cockpit and overpower the crew, and three accompanied Jarrah on Flight{{spaces}}93. The first, [[Ahmed al-Nami]], arrived in [[Miami]], Florida, on May 28, 2001, on a six-month tourist visa with [[United Airlines Flight 175]] hijackers [[Hamza al-Ghamdi]] and [[Mohand al-Shehri]]. The second, [[Ahmed al-Haznawi]], arrived in Miami on June{{spaces}}8 with Flight{{spaces}}11 hijacker [[Wail al-Shehri]]. The third, [[Saeed al-Ghamdi]], arrived in [[Orlando, Florida]], on June 27 with Flight{{spaces}}175 hijacker [[Fayez Banihammad]].<ref name="Chrono" /> Ziad Jarrah's and Saeed al-Ghamdi's passports were recovered from the Flight 93 crash site.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 26, 2004 |title=Seventh Public Hearing – Monday, January 26, 2004 |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/archive/hearing7/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-01-26.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524233336/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/archive/hearing7/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-01-26.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2006 |access-date=August 24, 2008 |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States}}</ref> Jarrah's family said he had been an "innocent passenger" on board the flight.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sadler |first=Brent |date=September 17, 2001 |title=Uncle calls hijack suspect 'innocent passenger' |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.family.suspect/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330094324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.family.suspect/index.html |archive-date=March 30, 2009 |access-date=June 22, 2008 |work=CNN}}</ref>

Al-Qaeda had intended for the attacks to be carried out by four teams of five men each, but only 19 terrorists were able to participate when the day came. The [[20th hijacker|missing 20th]] was [[Mohammed al-Qahtani]], who flew into Orlando from [[Dubai]] on August 3, 2001, intending to board Flight 93 as its fifth hijacker on September 11.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf |title=9/11 Commission Report |access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref>{{rp|28}} He was questioned by officials, who were dubious that he could support himself with only $2,800 cash to his name, and suspicious that he planned to become an [[illegal immigrant]] as he was using a one-way ticket. He was sent back to Dubai, and subsequently returned to Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |title='I'll be back,' foiled hijacker told agent |last=Meek |first=James Gordon |url=http://nydailynews.com/front/story/158769p-139223c.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040129023620/http://nydailynews.com/front/story/158769p-139223c.html |archive-date=January 29, 2004 |work=Daily News |date=January 29, 2004}}</ref>