Editing Union County, South Carolina (section)

==History==
===Early settlement===
The area that includes Union County was once controlled by the [[Cherokee]] Indians and they used it as a hunting ground. Up until recent years, one could find numerous arrowheads with little effort throughout the county.<ref name="auto">Charles, Allan D. ''"The Narrative History of Union County South Carolina"'' (The Reprint Company, Publishers, 1987)</ref>

The first European settlers in Union County came from the backcountry of Virginia and Pennsylvania; more than three-fourths were Scots-Irish Presbyterians. It has been suggested that the first group of pioneers arrived as early as 1751. They settled in the northwestern section of the county near a small river that would later be named Fairforest Creek. According to tradition, Mr. McElwaine, a member of the party looked out at the thick woodlands and exclaimed, "What a fair forest!" At the time of their arrival, wild buffalo and horses abounded as well as panthers and cougars, which were called "tigers" or "tygers" by the settlers. This may be where the [[Tyger River]] got its name.<ref name="auto"/> Another group of Scots-Irish settlers arrived in the late 1750s, all of whom were [[Presbyterian]]s of [[Ulster Scots people|Scottish descent]], they consisted of five married couples and their children from the village of [[Ballinamallard]], four married couples and their children from the village of [[Kesh, County Fermanagh|Kesh]] and two married couples with their eight parents and their total of eleven children from the village of [[Caledon, County Tyrone|Caledon]] in [[County Tyrone]], Ireland in what has since become [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>Scotch Irish Pioneers in Ulster and America by Charles Knowles Bolton</ref>

The early settlers established Fairforest Presbyterian Church, the first house of worship in Union County. Around 1754, the Brown's Creek area was first settled, about four miles northeast of the present city of Union. A log church or meetinghouse was built and shared among several denominations that could not yet afford their own separate structures. The county and county seat were named for this "Union" church. [[Quakers]] arrived in the mid-1750s and settled the southern portion of the county, establishing Cane Creek Church in the [[Santuc, South Carolina|Santuc]] community, and Padgett's Creek Church in the [[Cross Keys, South Carolina|Cross Keys]] community. The Quakers left in the early 1800s because of their opposition to slavery. Baptists from North Carolina, under the leadership of Rev. Philip Mulkey, reached the [[Broad River (Carolinas)|Broad River]] in [[Fairfield County, South Carolina|Fairfield County, SC]] in 1759. They relocated to Union County in 1762 and in 1771 formally organized into the first Baptist church in the South Carolina upcountry known as Fairforest Baptist Church. Many Baptist churches throughout the upcountry are descended from this original congregation. The congregation later moved to a site on present day [[South Carolina Highway 18|SC Hwy 18]] between Union and [[Jonesville, South Carolina|Jonesville]] where it remains to this day.<ref name="auto"/>

===Revolutionary period===
[[File:Rose Hill.jpg|thumb|left|Rose Hill Plantation. The home of South Carolina "Secession Governor" William Henry Gist.]]
During the first part of the American Revolution, the South Carolina backcountry was fairly quiet. In 1776, Fairforest Church became the hub for Union County. Although divided, it was majority [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/unioncountysouth00sout/page/n47/mode/2up |title=Union County, South Carolina, court records 1777-1819 |year=1900 |pages=51-52}}</ref> The Fairforest Church became the headquarters for the Loyalists. Following the war the church became Padgetts Creek Baptist Church.<ref name=":0" /> Following the fall of Charleston in 1780, the British began focusing their attention on the Carolinas. At least five battles were fought in or near Union County, including [[Battle of Musgrove Mill|Musgrove Mill]], [[Battle of Fishdam Ford|Fishdam]] and [[Battle of Blackstock's Farm|Blackstock]]. The county also produced many notable heroes including [[Lt. Col. James Steen]]. The war divided the population between [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] and [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]]. This resulted in churches splitting up and settlers moving out of the area. Personal property was damaged by both sides.<ref name="auto"/>

Following the war, the county seat was established at Unionville (now [[Union, SC|Union]]) and a courthouse was constructed. In 1791, the South Carolina Legislature established a district court that included [[Spartanburg County, South Carolina|Spartanburg]], Union, [[Chester County, South Carolina|Chester]], and [[York County, South Carolina|York]] counties. The area was called the Pinckney District and its headquarters was established at a central location in Union County. Land was cleared and streets were laid out for a new town that would be called [[Pinckneyville (Union, South Carolina)|Pinckneyville]]. A courthouse and jail were built for the new judicial district and a college was to be established in the town.<ref name="auto"/>

Local tradition states that Pinckneyville was to be home to the United States Military Academy, but lost to West Point by one vote in Congress. Instead, local historians say that Pinckneyville was considered as the site for a federal arsenal. This was likely the source of the legend. In 1799, the General Assembly decided to restructure the state court system. Subsequently, the Pinckney District was abolished; with the loss of the court and associated businesses, Pinckneyville became a ghost town.<ref name="auto"/>

===Antebellum period===
During the early 1800s settlers developed large-scale cotton growing in the fertile soil of southern Union County, based on the use of enslaved labor. The demand for slaves in the Deep South drove the domestic market, and more than one million slaves were forcibly transported to the South in the antebellum years. There were numerous plantations in the county, several that are still standing, such as [[Rose Hill Plantation State Historic Site|Rose Hill Plantation]] and the [[Cross Keys House]]. Rose Hill was the home of South Carolina's "Secession Governor," [[William Henry Gist]]. The northern section of the county was mostly home to yeoman farmers and small scale planters who owned fewer slaves.<ref name="auto"/>

The county grew steadily during the antebellum period but remained almost fully agrarian. Stores and other businesses were established in the town of Union and a new courthouse and jail were designed for the town in 1823 by famed architect [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]], designer of the Washington Monument. The courthouse was demolished in 1911, but the jail is still standing and in use by the City of Union. It is located beside the present courthouse, constructed in 1913.<ref name="auto"/>
[[File:Union County Jail.jpg|thumb|216x216px|Union County Jail (1823) designed by Robert Mills]]

===Civil War and aftermath===
The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] brought a standstill to the county's growth and progress. Many local men rushed to enlist in the Confederate Army and numerous units of Union County soldiers served on battlefields across the South. On April 20, 1861, a strange object appeared in the sky above the Kelly-Kelton community of northeastern Union County. A large hot air balloon called the ''Enterprise'' descended to the ground, piloted by [[Thaddeus S. C. Lowe|Professor T.S.C. Lowe]], who had left [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] the day before. He had attempted to fly from Ohio to Washington, D.C. but instead was swept southward across Virginia into South Carolina. The locals crowded around this mysterious object, many insisting that Lowe be "shot on the spot," as they believed him to be a Northern spy. Local tradition states that Professor Lowe gave a Masonic distress sign and his life was saved by the Masons in the crowd. Eventually he would make it back to the North and work with the Union Army on aerial reconnaissance projects during the war. At the close of the war, Confederate [[Jefferson Davis|President Jefferson Davis]] came through Union County following the fall of Richmond in 1865. He and his entourage crossed the ferry at Pinckneyville and made their way to the town of Union. They dined at the [[William Henry Wallace|William Wallace]] house on Et Main Street in Union and the Cross Keys house in southwestern Union County before his eventual capture in Georgia.<ref name="auto"/>

Following the war, a system of [[sharecropping]] and tenant farming was established to take the place of slavery and provide a consistent labor force. Union County's history parallels the history of much of the South during Reconstruction. The county was known for widespread [[Ku Klux Klan]] violence during this time period, against what many inhabitants saw as the excesses of ‘[[carpetbagger]]’ government. In the 1920’s, Ezra A. Cook published ‘Ku Klux Klan Secrets Exposed’, which gave this example:

“Headquarters, Ninth Division, S. C. Special Orders, No. 3, K. K. K. 

Ignorance is the curse of God. 

For that reason we are determined that members of the legislature, the school committee and the county commissioners of Union county shall no longer officiate. Fifteen days' notice from this date is given, and if they, and all, do not at once and forever resign their present inhuman, disgraceful and outrageous rule, then retributive justice will as surely be used as night follows day. 

By order of the Grand Chief, 

A. 0., Grand Secretary.”

The Industrial Revolution hit the county in the 1890s as local businessmen and Northern industrialists began investing in Union County [[textile mill]]s.<ref name="auto"/>

===Cotton Mills and industrialization===
The first cotton mill was built at [[Lockhart, South Carolina|Lockhart]] around 1894; it was shortly followed by another in Union and [[Jonesville, South Carolina|Jonesville]]. Around 1900, a mill was built west of Union and the town of [[Buffalo, South Carolina|Buffalo]] sprang up around it. Workers, or operatives as they were called, lived in company-owned housing and obtained their food and other household goods from the company store. Many workers came from the mountains of North Carolina, where farming was difficult and outside work scarce.<ref name="auto"/>

[[File:Cross Keys House.jpg|thumb|Cross Keys House in the Cross Keys community. Built around 1812–14.]]
In 1897, the Draytonville and Gowdeysville townships were removed from Union County to form part of [[Cherokee County, South Carolina|Cherokee County]].<ref name="auto"/>

The turn of the century saw continued progress, as improvements were made in the city of Union and throughout the county. Roads were being paved and the automobile was introduced as new businesses appeared along the Main Street area.<ref name="auto"/>

The Great Depression brought difficulties to the mill village, as pay decreased for workers. Meanwhile, in the county's rural areas, farmers suffered much less than those living in the city since they grew most of what they consumed. In the 1930s, the federal government bought large portions of poor quality land in southern Union County and established the [[Sumter National Forest]]. This land had been planted in cotton for many years and was overworked. Government programs like the [[Civilian Conservation Corps|CCC]], [[Public Works Administration|PWA]], and [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] put many Union County residents back to work, and government money helped improve the county's water and sewage plants and public roads. Many Union natives enlisted in the Second World War while developments continued in both urban and rural areas of the county. Cotton production and agricultural acreage was steadily declining and by 1944 Union County was 53 percent "forest land." The automobile had changed the lifestyle of mill workers because now they could drive to work and were no longer required to live in the proximity of the mill villages.<ref name="auto"/>
[[File:Buffalo Cotton Textile Mill, Mill Building, SC Route 215, Buffalo (Union County, South Carolina).jpg|thumb|214x214px|Buffalo Mill in Buffalo]]

===Modern times===
The post-war years saw the introduction of new industries to the county, such as Torrington and Sonoco. Despite this, the county's economy remained 94 percent textile-related in 1970. In 1955, the [[U.S. Route 176]] bypass (Duncan Bypass) was constructed, along with other road improvements that followed in later years. The Bypass became the center for much of Union's new business, including shopping centers and restaurants. In 1984, work on a four-lane connector to [[Spartanburg, South Carolina|Spartanburg]] began which would become the Furman Fendley Highway (US 176).<ref name="auto"/>

Beginning in the 1980s, many of Union County's textile industries began closing and moving to other countries. The final departure of the textile industry was complete by the 1990s and this left a hole in the county's economy and cultural identity. In recent years, new specialty industries have taken the place of agriculture and textiles; two things that characterized the early history of Union County.<ref name="auto"/>