Editing Umatilla, Oregon (section)

== History ==
[[File:Umitilla - city hall - July 2013.JPG|thumb|240px|left|City hall in Umatilla]]
{{See also|Petticoat Revolution}}
Before European settlement, the peninsula formed by the convergence of the [[Umatilla River|Umatilla]] and Columbia rivers had been occupied by the indigenous [[Umatilla people]] for at least 10,000 years, being the site of temporary and seasonal villages, fishing and later horse breeding. On their return trip from the mouth of the Columbia River in 1806, the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] made note in their journals of a village on the site.<ref name="umat">{{cite news |last1=Colton |first1=Jennifer |title=Umatilla Old Town has long history |url=https://www.hermistonherald.com/news/umatilla-old-town-has-long-history/article_6e3c3cc6-520f-5e47-8829-08a1c1e067c0.html |access-date=20 July 2020 |work=Hermiston Herald |date=13 Dec 2018}}</ref>

The first Umatilla post office was established in September 1851 at the [[Umatilla Indian Reservation|Umatilla Indian Agency]] about {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} east of Pendleton, but was discontinued in January 1852. The [[Umatilla Indian Reservation]] was created in 1855 after the [[Walla Walla Council (1855)|Walla Walla Council]] treaty and many of the Umatilla, Cayuse and Walla Walla tribes relocated there, with the vast majority of their lands being given over to the US government. Not long after, when gold was discovered in the Boise Basin of [[Idaho]] and in Montana in 1862, the Columbia River became an important passageway inland to the gold fields. That same year Timothy K. Davenport surveyed for a townsite at the mouth of the Umatilla River and filed a plat in 1863. The site was chosen for its location just below the Umatilla Rapids, which formed a navigational headwater on the Columbia and prevented boats from traveling further upstream without needing to be [[portage]]d or needing their cargo transferred to a new boat above the rapids. The site was first known as Umatilla Landing, then Umatilla City, then Columbia, reverting to Umatilla City once again over the next year or so. Its post office was established in 1863 with Z. F. Moody as postmaster.<ref name="OGN">{{cite book | last = McArthur | first = Lewis A. | author-link = Lewis A. McArthur |author2=Lewis L. McArthur |author2-link=Lewis L. McArthur | title = [[Oregon Geographic Names]] | orig-year = 1928 | edition = 7th | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Oregon Historical Society]] Press | location = Portland, Oregon| isbn = 0-87595-277-1 | page = 980 }}</ref>

Umatilla quickly became an important trade and distribution center not just for gold rush travelers but for the growing population of farmers and ranchers in the surrounding region. A business district developed along Water Street at the river's edge and at the town's peak it had 3 hotels, 22 saloons, 6 mercantiles and 3 grocery stores, among others. It won the county seat of [[Umatilla County]] by a small margin on March 6, 1865, but would only remain so until 1868 when it was moved to the burgeoning village of [[Pendleton, Oregon|Pendleton]].<ref>{{cite news |title=[Brevities] |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86072040/1865-03-10/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1789&sort=relevance&date2=1963&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=16&words=City+Umatilla&proxdistance=5&state=Washington&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=umatilla+city&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=Walla Walla Statesman |agency=Library of Congress |date=10 Mar 1865}}</ref> That same year the first newspaper (a tri-weekly) was established.<ref>{{cite news |title=[Brevities] |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86072040/1865-03-31/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1789&sort=relevance&date2=1963&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=7&words=City+Umatilla&proxdistance=5&state=Washington&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=umatilla+city&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=Walla Walla Statesman |agency=Library of Congress |date=31 Mar 1865}}</ref> For a brief time during the gold rush in the 1860s, there was competition between Umatilla and [[Wallula, Washington]], to become the "Sacramento of the Upper Columbia" but the gold rush wouldn't last long enough to support either town's growth beyond frontier villages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wallula  |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86072040/1865-02-03/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1789&sort=relevance&date2=1963&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=17&words=City+Umatilla&proxdistance=5&state=Washington&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=umatilla+city&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=Walla Walla Statesman |agency=Library of Congress |date=3 Feb 1865}}</ref>

Umatilla remained a vital commercial center until the late 1870s, when the removal of the rapids in 1877 allowed boats traveling from [[The Dalles]] to continue directly to Wallula and beyond.<ref>{{cite news |title=The removal of obstructions to the upper Columbia and Snake rivers... |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045610/1877-11-23/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1789&index=11&date2=1963&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Landing+Umatilla&proxdistance=5&state=Washington&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=umatilla+landing&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=The Daily Intelligencer |agency=Library of Congress |date=23 Nov 1877}}</ref> The following year the [[Oregon Steam Navigation Company]] began construction of a narrow gauge railroad that would connect Umatilla to the agricultural inland, passing from Pendleton to [[Weston, Oregon|Weston]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A New Railroad |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022793/1878-04-13/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1789&index=12&date2=1963&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=landing+Umatilla&proxdistance=5&state=Washington&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=umatilla+landing&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=Puget Sound Dispatch |agency=Library of Congress |date=13 Apr 1878}}</ref> The great flood of 1894 destroyed what was left of the original business district and many surviving buildings were moved away from the river. The [[Umatilla Masonic Lodge Hall]], one of the only surviving buildings from the original townsite, was relocated to [[Echo, Oregon]], {{Convert|14|mi}} to the southeast, in 1901. By the early 1910s, Umatilla was making a resurgence as an agricultural center and distribution point and a new business district was established along 3rd and 4th streets, facing away from the river and towards the railroad tracks. Once again the town would gain several hotels and even a bank. In 1916 several women launched secret bids for local office, resulting in what has been called the [[Petticoat Revolution]].

The Umatilla Chemical Depot opened in 1941, to prepare for [[World War II]]. The depot's mission was to store and maintain a variety of [[military]] items, from [[blanket]]s to [[ammunition]]. The depot took on its chemical weapons storage mission in 1962. From 1990 to 1994 the facility reorganized in preparation for eventual closure, shipping all conventional ammunition and supplies to other installations. On October 25, 2011, the last barrel of HD mustard agent was destroyed and there is no longer a risk of chemical accident in Oregon and Washington.

The original townsite of Umatilla was abandoned completely when the [[United States Corps of Engineers]] determined that it would likely be inundated by the construction of the [[John Day Dam]]. Between 1965 and 1968 the town was completely rebuilt south of the railroad tracks and all of the buildings on the original townsite were bought and demolished. The relocation would turn out to be for naught as the water level at this point in the river was not affected by the dam's reservoir. Umatilla's original street grid can still be seen north of the railroad tracks and is now a nature preserve and protected archaeological site. It is still owned by the Corps of Engineers and is not accessible to the public.