Editing Umar (section)

== Early life ==
Umar was born in [[Mecca]] to the [[Banu Adi]] clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume1/100714724-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-1#page/n37/mode/2up |title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab - His Life and Times, Volume 1 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> His father was [[Khattab ibn Nufayl]], and his mother was [[Hantamah bint Hisham]] of the [[Banu Makhzum]] tribe. In his youth, Umar tended his father's [[camel]]s in the plains near Mecca. His father, a merchant, was renowned for his intelligence among his tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkgfCgAAQBAJ |title=Umar Al Farooq - Man and Caliph |last=Qazi |first=Moin |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9789352061716 |language=en}}</ref> Umar later recalled: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work, he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion".<ref>[[Muhammad Husayn Haykal]] (1944), ''Al Farooq, Umar'', Chapter 1, p. 45.</ref>

Although [[literacy]] was uncommon in pre-Islamic [[Arab world|Arabia]], Umar learned to read and write during his youth. While not a [[poet]] himself, he developed a love for poetry and literature.<ref name="haykal-ch1">Haykal, 1944, Chapter 1.</ref> In accordance with the traditions of the Quraysh, he was trained in [[martial arts]], [[horse riding]], and [[wrestling]] during his adolescence. He was tall, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler.<ref name="haykal-ch1" /><ref>[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]], ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]''</ref> He was also recognized as a gifted orator and succeeded his father as an arbitrator among the tribes.<ref>Haykal, 1944, Chapter 1, pp. 40–41.</ref>

Umar became a [[merchant]] and made several journeys to [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Sasanian]] territories, where he is said to have met various [[scholar]]s and analyzed Byzantine and Sasanian societies. As a merchant, he was unsuccessful.<ref name="haykal-ch1"/><ref>Tabqat ibn Sa'ad, Chapter - Umar ibn Khattab.</ref> Like others around him, Umar was fond of [[Alcoholic drink|drinking]] in his pre-Islamic days.<ref>Haykal, 1944, Chapter 1, p. 47.</ref>