Editing Ultranationalism (section)

==Background concepts and broader context==
[[File:Chernosotenzy v odessa.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Monarchist ultranationalists within the [[Black Hundreds]] movement marched in [[Odesa]], then inside of Russia, after the [[October Manifesto]] came out in 1905.]]
[[File:19270508 Défilé Jeanne d'Arc Action française.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Charles Maurras]] with members of ''[[Action Française]]'', a monarchist and ultranationalist political party in France, in 1927]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-065-24, Münchener Abkommen, Ankunft Mussolini.jpg|thumb|Germany's ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] (right) beside Italy's ''[[Duce]]'' [[Benito Mussolini]] (left)]]

British political theorist [[Roger Griffin]] argued that ultranationalism is essentially founded on [[xenophobia]] in a way that finds supposed legitimacy "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms" of different aspects of the natural sciences such as anthropology and genetics, [[eugenics]] specifically playing a role, in order "to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and [[dehumanization|subhumanness]]" in Griffin's opinion. According to Griffin, ultranationalists view the modern nation state as a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay, grow, die, and additionally can experience rebirth. He highlighted Nazi Germany as a regime founded on ultranationalism.<ref name="Griffin">{{cite book|title=World Fascism: A-K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C|year=2006|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|pages=451–453|isbn=9781576079409|last=Blamires|first=Cyprian}}</ref>

Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards historical traditions within the populace. For instance, the [[British Union of Fascists]] adopted a secularist-minded platform centered on perceived technological progress. In contrast, the [[Iron Guard]] in the [[Kingdom of Romania under Fascism|Kingdom of Romania]] utilized a hardline form of mysticism-driven religion to encourage determination among the nation's ultranationalists. Nonetheless, obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute the psychological framework behind these movements.<ref name="Griffin"/>

According to American scholar [[Janusz Bugajski]], summing up the doctrine in practical terms, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles fascism, marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for [[authoritarian]] political arrangements verging on [[totalitarianism]], and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation." Bugajski believes that [[civic nationalism]] and the related concept of [[patriotism]] both can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the common social good at times such as during national calamities. In his view, these doctrines stand in contrast to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe: State-building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization|isbn=9780765605283|first=Jonathan P.|last=Stein|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeFNV40_EUAC|pages=65–66|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]}}</ref>