Editing Ultramontanism (section)

==History==
The term descends from the [[Middle Ages]], when a non-Italian pope was said to be ''papa ultramontano –'' a pope from beyond the mountains (the [[Alps]]).<ref name=Benigni>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15125a.htm Benigni, Umberto. "Ultramontanism." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 6 January 2019</ref> Foreign students at medieval Italian universities also were referred to as ''ultramontani''.

After the [[Protestantism in France|Protestant Reformation in France]], the concept was revived but with its directionality reversed to indicate the man "beyond the mountains" in Italy: the Pope. The term ''ultramontain'' was used to refer to Catholics who supported papal authority in French affairs ''–'' as opposed to the [[Gallicanism|Gallican]] and [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] factions, who did not ''–'' and was intended as an insult implying lack of patriotism.<ref name=Benigni/> From the 17th century, ultramontanism became closely associated with the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]].<ref>Unterburger, Klaus, “Ultramontanism”, ''Religion Past and Present''. 2006, {{ISBN| 9789004146662}}</ref>

In the 18th century the term came to refer to supporters of the Church in any conflict between church and state. In Austria ultramontanists were opposed to [[Josephinism]], and in Germany to [[Febronianism]]. In Great Britain and Ireland ultramontanists resisted [[Cisalpinism]], which favored concessions to the Protestant state in order to achieve [[Catholic emancipation]].

In [[History of Spain (1700–1810)|eighteenth-century Spain]], the Bourbon monarchs began implementing policies of [[regalism]], which expanded the power of the monarchy and sought to bring the Catholic Church under its jurisdiction in all matters except the spiritual sphere. [[Charles III of Spain]]'s ministers, [[José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca|Count of Floridablanca]] and the [[Count of Campomanes]] rejected the arguments of the ultramontanists that the Church had inalienable rights in the secular sphere.<ref>Farriss, N.M.  ''Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico 1759-1821''. London: The Athlone Press 1968, p. 97.</ref> The regalist reforms that the Spanish crown sought to implement were not completely successful, and the resistance to them were attributed to support for the Society of Jesus, which had been expelled from the Spanish Empire in 1767, but prior to that were educators.<ref>Farriss, ''Crown and Clergy'', p. 105.</ref>
 
In Canada, the majority of Catholic clergy despised the French Revolution and its anti-clerical bias and looked to Rome for both spiritual and political guidance. There were many laymen and laywomen who supported these ideals as key to preserving Canadian institutions and values. For this reason they were called ultramontanists. The ultramontanes distrusted both the Protestant anglophone and francophone politicians, but the Church found it easier to deal with British governors, who appreciated the role of the Church in containing dissent, than with the francophone liberal professionals who were secularists.<ref>[https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation/chapter/11-5-ultramontanism-and-secularism/#footnote-6619-1 Belshaw, John Douglas. "Ultramontanism and Secularism", ''Canadian History: Pre-Confederation'', B.C. Open Textbook project]</ref>