Editing Ukulele (section)

==History==
Developed in the 1880s, the ukulele is based on several small, [[guitar]]-like instruments of Portuguese origin, the {{lang|pt|[[Machete (musical instrument)|machete]]}},<ref>{{cite book|last=Tranquada and King|title=The Ukulele, A History|publisher=Hawaii University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8248-3634-4}}</ref> {{lang|pt|[[cavaquinho]]}} and {{lang|pt|[[rajão]]}}, introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants from [[Madeira]], the [[Azores]], and [[Cape Verde]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Nidel
| first = Richard
| title = World Music: The Basics
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2004
| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0/page/312 312]
| isbn = 978-0-415-96800-3
| url = https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0/page/312
}}</ref> Three immigrants in particular, Madeiran cabinet makers Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, are generally credited as the first ukulele makers.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Roberts
| first = Helen
| title = Ancient Hawaiian Music
| publisher = [[Bernice P. Bishop Museum]]
| year = 1926
| pages = 9–10}}</ref> Two weeks after they disembarked from the [[Ravenscrag (ship)|SS ''Ravenscrag'']] in late August 1879, the ''[[Hawaiian Gazette]]'' reported that "Madeira Islanders recently arrived here, have been delighting the people with nightly street concerts."<ref>{{cite web
| last = King
| first = John
| title = Prolegomena to a History of the 'Ukuleley

| publisher = Ukulele Guild of Hawaii
| year = 2003
| url = http://www.ukuleleguild.org/history.php
| url-status = usurped
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040803005054/http://www.ukuleleguild.org/history.php
| archive-date = 2004-08-03
}}</ref>

One of the most important factors in establishing the ukulele in [[Hawaiian music]] and [[Hawaiian culture|culture]] was the ardent support and promotion of the instrument by [[King Kalākaua]]. A patron of the arts, he incorporated it into performances at royal gatherings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukulele.org/?Inductees:1997-1998:David_Kalakaua|title=David Kalakaua (1836–1891), Inaugural Hall of Fame Inductee, 1997|year=2008|publisher=Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum|access-date=2008-06-11}}</ref>

In the [[Hawaiian language]] the word ukulele roughly translates as 'jumping flea',<ref>{{harvnb|Beloff|2003|p=13}}</ref> perhaps because of the movement of the player's fingers. Legend attributes it to the nickname of Englishman [[Edward William Purvis]], one of King Kalākaua's officers, because of his small size, fidgety manner, and playing expertise. One of the earliest appearances of the word ''ukulele'' in print (in the sense of a stringed instrument) is in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]'s ''Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments of All Nations'' published in 1907. The catalog describes two ukuleles from Hawaii—one that is similar in size to a modern soprano ukulele, and one that is similar to a tenor (see {{section link||Types and sizes}}).<ref name="met1907">{{cite book|title=Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments of All Nations|date=1907|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|location=New York|volume=III. Instruments of Savage Tribes and Semi-Civilized Peoples, Part 2. Oceania|page=51}}</ref>

===Canada===
In the 1960s, educator [[J. Chalmers Doane]] dramatically changed school music programs across [[Canada]], using the ukulele as an inexpensive and practical teaching instrument to foster [[music education|musical literacy]] in the classroom.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| last1 = McMillan
| first1 = Barclay
| last2 = Karr
| first2 = Gary
| title = J. Chalmers Doane
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
| publisher = University of Toronto Press
| year = 1992
| url = https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/j-chalmers-doane-emc
| access-date = 2008-06-09}}</ref> At its peak, 50,000 schoolchildren and adults learned the ukulele through the Doane program.<ref>{{harvnb|Beloff|2003|p=111}}</ref> "Ukulele in the Classroom", a revised program created by [[James Hill (Canadian musician)|James Hill]] and Doane in 2008, is a staple of music education in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ukuleleintheclassroom.com/index.htm |title=Ukulele in the Classroom |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723102636/http://www.ukuleleintheclassroom.com/index.htm |archive-date=23 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Japan===
The ukulele arrived in [[Japan]] in 1929 after Hawaiian-born [[Yukihiko Haida]] returned to the country upon his father's death and introduced the instrument. Haida and his brother [[Katsuhiko Haida|Katsuhiko]] formed the Moana Glee Club, enjoying rapid success in an environment of growing enthusiasm for [[Western culture|Western]] [[popular music]], particularly Hawaiian and [[jazz]]. During [[World War II]], authorities banned most music from the West, but fans and players kept it alive in secret, and it resumed popularity after the war. In 1959, Haida founded the [[Nihon Ukulele Association]]. Japan has since become a second home for Hawaiian musicians and ukulele virtuosos.<ref>{{harvnb|Beloff|2003|p=110}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
British singer and comedian [[George Formby, Jr.|George Formby]] was a ukulele player, though he often played a [[Banjo ukulele|banjolele]], a hybrid instrument consisting of an extended ukulele neck with a [[banjo]] resonator body. Demand surged in the new century because of its relative simplicity and portability.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fladmark|first=Judy|title=Ukulele sends UK crazy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8523082.stm|work=BBC News | date=2010-02-19}}</ref> Another British ukulele player was [[Tony Award]]-winner [[Tessie O'Shea]], who appeared in numerous movies and stage shows, and was twice on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'', including the night [[The Beatles]] debuted in 1964.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Tranquada
| first = Jim
| title = The Ukulele: a History
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press
| year = 2012
| page = 152
| isbn = 978-0-8248-3544-6
}}</ref>
The [[Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain]] tours globally, and the [[George Formby Society]], established in 1961, continues to hold regular conventions.

[[George Harrison]], [[Paul McCartney]], and [[John Lennon]] all played the ukulele.<ref name="Jackson_8/5/2021">{{cite web | last=Jackson | first=Blair | title=How The Beatles' George Harrison Turned His Love of Ukulele into a Personal Crusade | website=Ukulele Magazine | date=August 5, 2021 | url=https://ukulelemagazine.com/stories/beatles-george-harrison-ukulele-crusade | access-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref> Harrison, who was a Formby fan, was a great lover of the instrument and often gave them to friends, including [[Tom Petty]], whom he taught to play.<ref name="Whatley_4/20/2020">{{cite web | last=Whatley | first=Jack | title=The Beatles' George Harrison believed everyone should have a ukulele | website=Far Out Magazine | date=April 20, 2020 | url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/beatles-george-harrison-tom-petty-ukulele-story/ | access-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref>

===United States mainland===
[[File:Ukulele Craze 1916 Glackens.jpg|right|thumb|1916 cartoon by [[Louis M. Glackens]] satirizing the contemporary ukulele craze.]]

====Pre–World War II====
The ukulele was popularized for a stateside audience during the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]], held from spring to autumn of 1915 in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Lipsky
| first = William
| title = San Francisco's Panama-Pacific International Exposition
| publisher = Arcadia Publishing
| year = 2005
| page = 36
| isbn = 978-0-7385-3009-3}}</ref> The Hawaiian Pavilion featured a guitar and ukulele ensemble, George E. K. Awai and his Royal Hawaiian Quartet,<ref>{{cite book
| last = Doyle
| first = Peter
| title = Echo and Reverb: Fabricating Space in Popular Music Recording, 1900–1960
| publisher = Wesleyan
| year = 2005
| page = 120
| isbn = 978-0-8195-6794-9}}</ref> along with ukulele maker and player [[Jonah Kumalae]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Jonah Kumalae (1875–1940), 2002 Hall of Fame Inductee
| publisher = Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum
| year = 2007
| url = http://www.ukulele.org/?Inductees:2002-2003:Jonah_Kumalae
| access-date = 2008-06-02}}</ref> The popularity of the ensemble with visitors launched a fad for Hawaiian-themed songs among [[Tin Pan Alley]] [[songwriter]]s.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Koskoff
| first = Ellen
| title = Music Cultures in the United States: An Introduction
| url = https://archive.org/details/musicculturesuni00kosk
| url-access = limited
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2005
| page = [https://archive.org/details/musicculturesuni00kosk/page/n143 129]
| isbn = 978-0-415-96588-0 }}</ref> The ensemble also introduced both the [[lap steel guitar]] and the ukulele into U.S. mainland popular music,<ref>{{cite book
| last = Volk| first = Andy
| title = Lap Steel Guitar
| publisher = Centerstream Publications
| year = 2003
| page = 6
| isbn = 978-1-57424-134-1}}</ref> where it was taken up by [[vaudeville]] performers such as [[Roy Smeck]] and [[Cliff Edwards|Cliff "Ukulele Ike" Edwards]]. On April 15, 1923, at the Rivoli Theater in New York City, Smeck appeared, playing the ukulele, in ''Stringed Harmony'', a [[short film]] made in the [[Lee de Forest|DeForest]] [[Phonofilm]] [[sound-on-film]] process. On August 6, 1926, Smeck appeared playing the ukulele in a short film ''His Pastimes'', made in the [[Vitaphone]] [[sound-on-disc]] process, shown with the [[feature film]] ''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]'' starring [[John Barrymore]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Whitcomb
| first = Ian
| title = Ukulele Heaven: Songs from the Golden Age of the Ukulele
| publisher = Mel Bay Publications
| year = 2000
| page = [https://archive.org/details/ukuleleheavenson00whit/page/11 11]
| isbn = 978-0-7866-4951-8
| url = https://archive.org/details/ukuleleheavenson00whit/page/11
}}</ref>

The ukulele soon became an icon of the [[Jazz Age]].<ref name="Whitcomb2001">{{cite book
| last = Whitcomb
| first = Ian
| title = Uke Ballads: A Treasury of Twenty-five Love Songs Old and New
| publisher = Mel Bay Publications
| year = 2001
| page = 4
| isbn = 978-0-7866-1360-1}}</ref> Like guitar, basic ukulele skills can be learned fairly easily, and this highly portable, relatively inexpensive instrument was popular with amateur players throughout the 1920s, as evidenced by the introduction of uke chord [[tablature]] into the published [[sheet music]] for popular songs of the time<ref name="Whitcomb2001" /> (a role that was supplanted by the guitar in the early years of [[rock and roll]]).<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sanjek
| first = Russell
| title = American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years
| url = https://archive.org/details/americanpopularm00san_hz5
| url-access = registration
| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1988
| page = [https://archive.org/details/americanpopularm00san_hz5/page/95 95]
| isbn = 0-19-504311-1}}</ref> A number of mainland-based stringed-instrument manufacturers, among them [[Regal Musical Instrument Company|Regal]], [[Harmony Company|Harmony]], and especially [[C.F. Martin & Company|Martin]], added ukulele, banjolele, and [[tiple]] lines to their production to take advantage of the demand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous Ukulele songs |url=https://www.ukulele-tabs.com/famous-ukulele-songs.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Ukulele-Tabs.com |language=en}}</ref>

The ukulele also made inroads into early country music or [[old-time music]]<ref name="Herald">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oldtimeherald.org/archive/back_issues/volume-9/9-5/uke.html|title="Just a few penny dreadfuls": the Ukulele and Old-Time Country Music|last=Rev|first=Lil'|website=www.oldtimeherald.org|access-date=2018-06-27|archive-date=2012-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615233057/http://www.oldtimeherald.org/archive/back_issues/volume-9/9-5/uke.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> parallel to the then-popular mandolin. It was played by [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]] and [[Ernest V. Stoneman]], as well as by early string bands, including [[Cowan Powers and his Family Band]], Da Costa Woltz's Southern Broadcasters, Walter Smith and Friends, The Blankenship Family, The Hillbillies, and The Hilltop Singers.<ref name=Herald/>

====Post–World War II====
[[File:Boy w ukulele.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Boy in Hawaii wearing [[Lei (Hawaii)|lei]] and holding a Maccaferri "Islander" plastic ukulele]]
[[File:Red Ukulele.JPG|thumb|right|120px|A modern red ukulele]]
From the late 1940s to the late 1960s, plastics manufacturer [[Mario Maccaferri]] turned out about 9 million inexpensive ukuleles.<ref>{{cite web
 |last        = Wright
 |first       = Michael
 |title       = Maccaferri History: The Guitars of Mario Maccaferri
 |magazine    = [[Vintage Guitar (magazine)|Vintage Guitar]]
 |url         = http://www.vguitar.com/features/brands/details.asp?AID=1071
 |access-date = 2008-06-02
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090625165925/http://www.vguitar.com/features/brands/details.asp?AID=1071
 |archive-date = 2009-06-25
}}</ref> The ukulele remained popular, appearing in many jazz songs throughout the 50s, '60s, and '70s.<ref>{{cite web
 |title       = The Ukulele
 |publisher   = Peterborough Music
 |date        = 3 March 2002
 |url         = http://www.peterboroughmusicltd.com/ukulele.irs
 |access-date = 2011-09-15
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20111103171108/http://www.peterboroughmusicltd.com/ukulele.irs
 |archive-date = 3 November 2011
}}The Ukulele</ref> Much of the instrument's popularity (particularly the baritone size) was cultivated by [[Arthur Godfrey]] on ''The Arthur Godfrey Show'' on television.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Arthur Godfrey (1903–1983), 2001 Hall of Fame Inductee
| publisher = Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum
| year = 2007
| url = http://www.ukulele.org/?Inductees:2000-2001:Arthur_Godfrey
| access-date = 2008-06-02
| archive-date = 2015-05-08
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508003707/http://www.ukulele.org/?Inductees%3A2000-2001%3AArthur_Godfrey
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Singer-musician [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]] became closely associated with the instrument after playing it on his 1968 hit "[[Tiptoe Through the Tulips]]".
[[File:Viohl Ukulele sound hole.jpg|thumb|A view of the soundhole and label of a ukulele made by Louis Viohl & Sons in Flushing, Queens, New York sometime in the 1920s: Albert Louis Viohl emigrated to the U.S. in the 1860s and started the Empire workshop in 1883, where he made various stringed musical instruments, including guitars and mandolins. Both of his sons joined the family business, and in 1902, Louis, Jr., took over running it (August was the other son), and added ukuleles to the catalogue in the late 1910s to the 1920s.]]

====Post-1990 revival====
After the 1960s, the ukulele declined in popularity until the late 1990s, when interest in the instrument reawakened.<ref name="Shepherd2003">{{cite book|author=John Shepherd|title=Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world: VolumeII: Performance and production|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC&pg=PA450|access-date=16 April 2011|date=27 February 2003|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-6322-7|pages=450–}}</ref> During the 1990s, new manufacturers began producing ukuleles and a new generation of musicians took up the instrument. [[Jim Beloff]] set out to promote the instrument in the early 1990s and created over two dozen ukulele music books featuring modern music and classic ukulele pieces.<ref>''[[Mighty Uke]]'', Interview with Jim Beloff, 2010</ref>

All-time best-selling Hawaiian musician [[Israel Kamakawiwoʻole]] helped repopularize the instrument, in particular with his 1993 [[reggae]]-rhythmed [[Medley (music)|medley]] of "[[Over the Rainbow]]" and "[[What a Wonderful World]]", used in films, television programs, and commercials. The song reached number 12 on ''Billboard'''s [[Hot Digital Tracks]] chart the week of January 31, 2004.<ref>''Billboard'', for the survey week ending January 18, 2004.</ref>

The creation of [[YouTube]] helped revive the popularity of the ukulele. One of the first videos to go viral was [[Jake Shimabukuro]]'s ukulele rendition of [[George Harrison]]'s "[[While My Guitar Gently Weeps]]". The video quickly went [[Viral video|viral]], and as of September 2020, had received over 17 million views.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puSkP3uym5k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/puSkP3uym5k| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Ukulele weeps by Jake Shimabukuro|last=Catholic Laitinen|date=6 September 2020|access-date=3 April 2019|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>