Editing Two-up (section)

==History==
{{see also|Obverse and reverse}}

The exact origins of two-up are obscure, but it seems to have evolved from [[cross and pile]], a gambling game involving tossing a single coin into the air and wagering on the result. Two-up was popular amongst poorer English and Irish citizens in the 18th century.{{cn|date=April 2023}} 

The predilection of the [[Convicts in Australia|convicts]] for this game was noted as early as 1798 by [[New South Wales]]'s first judge advocate, as well as the lack of skill involved and the large losses. By the 1850s, the two-coin form was being played on the goldfields of the eastern colonies, and it spread across the country following subsequent [[gold rush]]es.

Two-up was played extensively by Australia's soldiers during [[World War I]]. Gambling games, to which a blind eye was cast, became a regular part of [[Anzac Day]] celebrations for returned soldiers, although two-up was illegal at all other times.

As time passed, increasingly elaborate illegal "two-up schools" grew around Australia, to the consternation of authorities {{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} but with the backing of corrupt police. The legendary Thommo's Two-up School, which operated at various locations in [[Surry Hills]], [[Sydney]], from the early years of the 20th century until at least 1979, was one of Australia's first major illegal gambling operations.<ref>Hickie, David. ''The Prince and The Premier'', p. 155</ref>

The popularity of two-up declined after the 1950s as more sophisticated forms of gambling like [[Baccarat (card game)|baccarat]] gained popularity in illegal gaming houses as well as when poker machines ([[slot machine]]s) were legalised in clubs.

Legal two-up arrived with its introduction as a [[Casino game#Table games|table game]] at the new casino in [[Hobart]] in 1973, but is now only offered at [[Crown Perth]] and [[Crown Melbourne]]. Two-up has also been legalised on [https://mozziebite.com/culture/history/how-to-play-two-up-on-anzac-day/ Anzac Day], when it is played in [[Returned and Services League of Australia|Returned Servicemen's League]] (RSL) clubs and hotels. Several tourist "two-up schools" in the Outback have also been legalised.  Under the NSW Gambling (Two-Up) Act 1998, playing two-up in NSW is not unlawful on Anzac Day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ga1998168/ |title=Gambling (Two-up) Act 1998 |work=New South Wales Consolidated Acts}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Terminology<ref name=NSW>{{cite web |url=https://www.star.com.au/sydney/sites/default/files/Two%20Up.pdf |title=Two Up |publisher=[[Liquor & Gaming NSW]] |via=star.com.au |date=17 August 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2020}}</ref>
! Term
! Meaning
|-
| School
| The collective noun for a group of gamblers playing two-up.
|-
| Ring
| The area designated for the spinner to spin the coins. The spinner must stand in the ring to spin, and the coins must land and come to rest within the ring.
|-
| Spinner
| The person who throws the coins up in the air. The opportunity to be the spinner is offered in turn to gamblers in the school.
|-
| Boxer
| Person who manages the game, usually provides the equipment, monitors the betting, takes commission and does not participate in betting.
|-
| Ringkeeper (Ringie)
| Person who calls the validity of each throw and looks after the coins between throws, to avoid loss or interference. Places the coins on the kip for the spinner when the betting round is complete, and calls "Come in, Spinner" to allow the throw to take place. Sometimes also known as the "Bender", for bending down to retrieve the coins.
|-
| Kip
| A small piece of wood on which the coins are placed before being tossed. Sometimes the resting area for the coins is covered in canvas or leather to improve friction. In some games, coins are placed tails (white cross) up. In casino games the coins are placed with opposing (one head, one tail) sides up.
|-
| Toss the Kip
| The Spinner hands the kip back to the Ringkeeper before a possibly losing throw, i.e. to retire after a winning throw.
|-
| Heads
| Both coins land with the "head" side facing up. (Probability 25% (approximately)<ref>P. Diaconis et al {{cite web |url=https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/users/aldous/157/Papers/diaconis_coinbias.pdf |title=Dynamical Bias In The Coin Toss}}</ref>)
|-
| Tails
| Both coins land with the "tails" side facing up. (Probability 25%)
|-
| Odds or "One Them"
| One coin lands with the "head" side up, and the other lands with the "tails" side up. (Probability 50%)
|-
| Odding Out
| To spin five "odds" in a row. (Probability 3.125%)
|-
| Come in, Spinner
| The call given by the boxer when all bets are placed and the coins are now ready to be tossed.
|-
| "Barred"
| The call when an illegal spin has occurred - the coins have not been thrown higher than the head, or did not rotate in the air.
|- 
| Cockatoo
| A look-out who warns players of imminent police raids. Dates from the time when playing two-up was illegal.
|}

The table below show the current bets that can be made at [[Crown Perth]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Casino Odds
! Bet Type
! Casino Edge
! Payout
! Description
|-
| Single Head
| 3.125%
| 1–1
| Spinner spins a ''pair of heads'' before a pair of tails or odding out.
|-
| Single Tail
| 3.125%
| 1–1
| Spinner spins a ''pair of tails'' before a pair of heads or odding out.
|-
| 5 Odds
| 9.375%
| 28–1
| Spinner spins five odds in a row ("odding out") before either a pair of heads or a pair of tails.
|-
| Spinner's Bet
| 3.400%
| 15–2
| Only available to the current spinner. The spinner attempts to spin either three ''pair of heads'' or three ''pair of tails'', and will win if they do so before either a) getting the opposite result or b) odding out.<ref name=NSW/>
|}