Editing Tutchone language (section)

==Phonology==

=== Northern Tutchone ===
The consonants and vowels of Northern Tutchone and their orthography are as follows:<ref>{{cite book|last1=McClellan|first1=Catharine|title=Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic|date=1978|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160045783|page=493|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOCL_SwWH-sC&q=tutchone+phonology&pg=PA493|chapter=Tutchone}}</ref>

====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Interdental consonant|Inter-<br>dental]]
! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retro-<br>flex]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! <small>plain</small> || <small>[[sibilant]]</small> || <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
! <small>plain</small> || <small>[[Labialized consonant|labial]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! <small>plain</small>
|
| {{IPA link|tθ}} {{angbr|ddh}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|d}}
| {{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|dz}}
| {{IPA link|tɬ}} {{angbr|dl}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{angbr|j}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|g}}
| {{IPA link|kʷ}} {{angbr|gw}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ʼ}}
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
|
| {{IPA link|tθʰ}} {{angbr|tth}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|t}}
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{angbr|ts}}
| {{IPA link|tɬʰ}} {{angbr|tl}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} {{angbr|ch}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʷʰ}} {{angbr|kw}}
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
|
| {{IPA link|tθʼ}} {{angbr|tth’}}
| {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angbr|t’}}
| {{IPA link|tsʼ}} {{angbr|ts’}}
| {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} {{angbr|tl’}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʼ}} {{angbr|ch’}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{angbr|k’}}
| {{IPA link|kʷʼ}} {{angbr|kw’}}
|
|-
! <small>prenasalized</small>
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}} {{angbr|mb}}
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} {{angbr|nd}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿdʒ}} {{angbr|nj}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
| {{IPA link|θ}} {{angbr|th}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}
| {{IPA link|ɬ}} {{angbr|ł}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|sh}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|kh}}
| {{IPA link|xʷ}} {{angbr|khw}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|h}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|
| {{IPA link|ð}} {{angbr|dh}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|z}}
| {{IPA link|ɮ}} {{angbr|l}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angbr|zh}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|gh}}
| {{IPA link|ɣʷ}} {{angbr|ghw}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
| {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}}
|
| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}}
|
|}

====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} {{angbr|e}}
| {{IPA link|ə}} {{angbr|ä}}
| {{IPA link|o}} {{angbr|o}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|colspan="3"| {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}
|}

Vowels are differentiated for nasalization and high, mid, and low tone.

* Nasalized: į, ų, ę, ą̈, ǫ, ą
* High tone: í, ú, é, ä́ , ó, á
* Mid tone: ī, ū, ē, ǟ, ō, ā
* Low tone: unmarked

=== Southern Tutchone ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Consonants<ref>Cruikshank, Julie. 1991. p. xvi</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Interdental consonant|Inter-<br>dental]]
! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retro-<br>flex]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! <small>plain</small> || <small>[[sibilant]]</small> || <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
! <small>plain</small> || <small>[[Labialized consonant|labial]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! <small>plain</small>
|
| {{IPA link|tθ}} {{angbr|ddh}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|d}}
| {{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|dz}}
| {{IPA link|tɬ}} {{angbr|dl}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{angbr|j}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|g}}
| {{IPA link|kʷ}} {{angbr|gw}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ʼ}}
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
|
| {{IPA link|tθʰ}} {{angbr|tth}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|t}}
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{angbr|ts}}
| {{IPA link|tɬʰ}} {{angbr|tl}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} {{angbr|ch}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʷʰ}} {{angbr|kw}}
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
|
| {{IPA link|tθʼ}} {{angbr|tth’}}
| {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angbr|t’}}
| {{IPA link|tsʼ}} {{angbr|ts’}}
| {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} {{angbr|tl’}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʼ}} {{angbr|ch’}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{angbr|k’}}
| {{IPA link|kʷʼ}} {{angbr|kw’}}
|
|-
! <small>prenasalized</small>
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}} {{angbr|mb}}
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} {{angbr|nd}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿdʒ}} {{angbr|nj}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
| {{IPA link|θ}} {{angbr|th}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}
| {{IPA link|ɬ}} {{angbr|ł}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|sh}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|kh}}
| {{IPA link|xʷ}} {{angbr|khw}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|h}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|
| {{IPA link|ð}} {{angbr|dh}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|z}}
| {{IPA link|ɮ}} {{angbr|l}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angbr|zh}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|gh}}
| {{IPA link|ɣʷ}} {{angbr|ghw}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
| {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}}
|
| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}}
|
|}

====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}} {{angbr|ü}}
| {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} {{angbr|e}}
| {{IPA link|ə}} {{angbr|ä}}
| {{IPA link|o}} {{angbr|o}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|colspan="3"| {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}
|}

Vowels are differentiated for nasalization and high, mid, and low tone.

* Nasalized: į, ų, ų̈, ę, ą̈, ǫ, ą
* High tone: í, ú, ǘ, é, ä́ , ó, á
* Mid tone: ī, ū, ǖ, ē, ǟ, ō, ā