Editing Tutankhamun (section)

==Reign==
[[File:Respaldo_del_trono_de_oro_de_Tutankamón.jpg|right|thumb|The throne of Tutankhamun, the [[Aten]] depicted above]]
Tutankhamun became [[pharaoh]] between eight and nine years of age{{sfn|Hawass|2004|page=56}} following the short reigns of Akhenaten's successors Smenkhkare and [[Neferneferuaten]]. It is uncertain whether Smenkhkare's reign outlasted Akhenaten's; the female ruler Neferneferuaten is now thought to have either been co-regent shortly before Akhenaten's death and to have had a sole reign of 2 or 3 years prior to the accession of Tutankhamun according to Athena van der Perre and Nozumu Kawai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van der Perre |first1=Athena |title=The Year 16 Graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abu Hinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti |journal=Journal of Egyptian History |date=2014 |volume=7 |issue=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6682743 |access-date=22 November 2023 |page=95}}</ref><ref>Nozomu Kawai, Neferneferuaten from the Tomb of Tutankhamun Revisited in "Wonderful Things Essays in Honor of Nicholas Reeves" (2023), p.121 Kawai writes on page 121: "After Akhenaten's death, Neferneferuaten continued in power as sole ruler for approximately three years."</ref>.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|pp=35–37}}{{sfn|Ridley|2019|p=276}} On acceding to the throne, Tutankhamun took the [[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|throne name]] Nebkheperure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Classroom TUTorials: The Many Names of King Tutankhamun |url=http://carlos.emory.edu/PDF/Classroom_TUTorial_Names_of_Tut.pdf |website=[[Michael C. Carlos Museum]] |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019193622/http://carlos.emory.edu/PDF/Classroom_TUTorial_Names_of_Tut.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He reigned for about nine years.{{sfn|Baker|Baker|2001|page=137}}

During Tutankhamun's reign the position of [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]] was split between [[Upper Egypt|Upper]] and [[Lower Egypt]]. The principal vizier for Upper Egypt was [[Usermontu (vizier)|Usermontu]]. Another figure named Pentju was also vizier but it is unclear of which lands. It is not entirely known if Ay, Tutankhamun's successor, actually held this position. A gold foil fragment from KV58 seems to indicate, but not certainly, that Ay was referred to as a Priest of [[Maat]] along with an epithet of "vizier, doer of maat." The epithet does not fit the usual description used by the regular vizier but might indicate an informal title. It might be that Ay used the title of vizier in an unprecedented manner.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|page=112}}

An Egyptian priest named [[Manetho]] wrote a comprehensive history of ancient Egypt where he refers to a king named Orus, who ruled for 36 years and had a daughter named Acencheres who reigned twelve years and her brother Rathotis who ruled for only nine years.{{sfn|Cooney|2018|page=361}}{{sfn|Barclay|2006|page=62}} The Amarna rulers are central in the list but which name corresponds with which historic figure is not agreed upon by researchers. Orus and Acencheres have been identified with Horemheb and Akhenaten and Rathotis with Tutankhamun. The names are also associated with [[Smenkhkare]], [[Amenhotep III]], Ay and the others in differing order.{{sfn|Booysen|2013|page=188}}

In order for the pharaoh, who held divine office, to be linked to the people and the gods, special epithets were created for them at their accession to the throne. The [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary|ancient Egyptian titulary]] also served to demonstrate one's qualities and link them to the terrestrial realm. The five names were developed over the centuries beginning with the [[Horus name]].{{efn|Tutankhamun's Horus Name was ''Ka nakht tut mesut'',<ref name="digitalegypt"/> translated as; ''Victorious bull, the (very) image of (re)birth''.{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|page=206}}}}<ref name="Wilkinson2002">{{cite book|author=Toby A.H. Wilkinson|title=Early Dynastic Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGGFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-66420-7|page=172}}</ref>{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|pages=1–15}} Tutankhamun's{{efn|His second full nomen (also called the Son of Re Name) was; ''Tut ankh imen, heqa iunu shemau'', translated as; ''The living image of Amun, Ruler of Southern Heliopolis''.{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|page=206}}}} original [[Nomen (Ancient Egypt)|nomen]], ''Tutankhaten'',<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGAPAQAAMAAJ|year=1998|page= 212|publisher=Egypt Exploration Fund}}</ref> did not have a [[Nebty name]]{{efn|Tutankahmun's Nebty or Two Ladies Name was; (1): ''Nefer hepu, segereh tawy'',<ref name= "digitalegypt" /> translated as; ''Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands''.{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|page=206}} (2): ''Nefer hepu, segereh tawy sehetep netjeru nebu'', translated as; ''Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands and pacified all the gods''.{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|page=206}} (3): ''Wer ah imen'', translated as; ''The great one of the palace of Amun''.{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|pages=1–15}}}} or a [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary#Horus of Gold|Gold Falcon name]]{{efn|Tutankhamun's Gold Falcon Name was: (1): ''Wetjes khau, sehetep netjeru''<ref name= "digitalegypt" /> translated as; ''Elevated of appearances, who has satisfied the gods''.{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|page=206}} *Gold Falcon name (2): ''Wetjes khau it ef ra'', translates as; ''Who has elevated the appearances of his father Re''.{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|pages=1–15}}}} associated with it{{sfn|Eaton-Krauss|2016|pages=28–29}} as nothing has been found with the full five-name protocol.{{efn|Tutankhamun's [[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|Prenomen (Throne Name)]] was: ''Neb kheperu re'',<ref name= "digitalegypt" />{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|pages=1–15}} translated as: ''The possessor of the manifestation of Re'',{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|page=206}} which had an [[epithet]] added: ''Heqa maat'', translated as; ''Ruler of Maat''.{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|pages=1–15}}}}

===Religiopolitical countermand===
{{See also | Atenism}}

[[File:Spaziergang im Garten Amarna Berlin.jpg|thumb|right|Egyptian art of the Amarna period]]
At the beginning of Tutankhaten's reign, the royal court was still located at Amarna, and evidence from his tomb shows that the Aten was still acknowledged.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|pp=48–49}} But several pieces of evidence suggest that his court was trying to reconcile Atenism with the traditional religion,{{sfn|Reeves|1990|p=153}}{{sfn|Hornung|1999|p=117}}{{sfn|Dodson|2009|p=48}} and activity at Amarna decreased during the first four years of his reign.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|p=49}}

These years saw dramatic reversals of Akhenaten's policies, which, given the king's young age, must have been instigated by his advisors.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|pp=64–65}} In the third year of Tutankhaten's reign, his name was changed to "Tutankhamun", and that of his queen to "Ankhesenamun".{{sfn|Hornung|1999|p=116}}{{sfn|Dodson|2009|p=61}} The [[Restoration Stela]], dated to Year 4 of Tutankhamun's reign, characterizes the Amarna Period as a time of [[disaster]], saying:

<blockquote>
"Temples and the estates of the gods and goddesses from [[Elephantine]] to the marshes of the [[Nile Delta|Delta]] had fallen into ruin… If you asked a god for advice, he would not attend; and if one spoke to a goddess likewise she would not attend."{{sfn|Dodson|2009|p=63}}</blockquote>

The stela proclaims the rebuilding of the traditional cults;{{sfn|Dodson|2009|p=64}} priests and other members of temple staffs were restored to their former positions.{{sfn|Darnell|Manassa|2007|page=49}}

Around this time, the royal court abandoned Amarna.{{sfn|Tyldesley|2012|p=207}} Memphis became the main seat of royal administration,{{sfn|Tyldesley|2012|p=207}} continuing a trend that dated back to Akhenaten's predecessors, toward administering the country from that central location rather than the more outlying site of Thebes.{{sfn|Hornung|1999|p=64–66}} With Amun restored as Egypt's preeminent deity, Thebes once again became its greatest center of religious activity.{{sfn|Tyldesley|2012|p=207}}

Tutankhamun enriched and endowed the priestly orders of two important cults, initiated a restoration process for old monuments that were damaged during the [[Amarna Period]], and reburied his father's remains in the [[Valley of the Kings]]. Egyptologist Raymond Johnson has argued that it was in fact Tutankhamun himself, and not his successors, began reversing his Akhenaten's religious changes on a large scale.<ref name="m530"></ref>

[[File:Tutankhamun oriental institute Chicago.jpg|thumb|left|[[Quartzite]] statue thought to be of Tutankhamun from temple complex at [[Medinet Habu]]]]
In his third [[regnal year]] Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god [[Amun]] to supremacy. The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital was moved back to [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] and the city of [[Akhetaten]] was abandoned.<ref>[[Erik Hornung]], ''Akhenaten and the Religion of Light'', Translated by David Lorton, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8014-8725-0}}. p.</ref> As part of the restoration of the traditional cults, the king initiated building projects, in particular at [[Karnak]] in Thebes, where he laid out the [[sphinx]] avenue leading to the temple of [[Mut]]. The sphinxes were originally made for Akhenaten and Nefertiti; they were given new ram heads and small statues of the king.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forbes |first1=D. C. |title=Seven Battered Osiride Figures in the Cairo Museum and the Sphinx Avenue of Tutankhamen at Karnak |journal=Amarna Letters |year=2000 |volume=4 |pages=82–87}}</ref> At Luxor temple he completed the decoration of the entrance colonnade of Amenhotep III.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|page=70}} Tutankhamun made several endowments that enriched and added to the priestly numbers of the cults of Amun and [[Ptah]]. He commissioned new statues of the deities from the best metals and stone and had new processional [[Barque#Barques and barque shrines in Ancient Egypt|barques]] made of the finest [[Cedar of Lebanon|cedar from Lebanon]] and had them embellished with gold and silver.{{sfn|Darnell|Manassa|2007|page=50}}

A building called the Temple-of-Nebkheperure-Beloved-of-Amun-Who-Puts-Thebes-in-Order, which may be identical to a building called Temple-of-Nebkheperre-in-Thebes, a possible mortuary temple, used recycled [[talatat]] from Akhenaten's east Karnak Aten temples indicating that the dismantling of these temples was already underway.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|pages=66–67}} Many of Tutankhamun's construction projects were uncompleted at the time of his death and were completed by or usurped by his successors, especially Horemheb. The sphinx avenue was completed by his successor Ay and the whole was usurped by Horemheb. The Restoration Stele was usurped by Horemheb; pieces of the Temple-of-Nebkheperure-in-Thebes were recycled into Horemheb's own building projects.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|pages=66–68}}

====During-life deification====
{{See also | List of pharaohs deified during lifetime}}

In ancient Egypt, pharaohs were venerated after their deaths through [[mortuary cult]]s and associated temples as [[List of people who have been considered deities|deities]]. This form of [[apotheosis]] was typically reserved for deceased pharaohs, but Tutankhamun was one of the few pharaohs who was worshiped in this manner during his lifetime.{{sfn|Redford|2003|page=85}} Temples of his cult were built as far away as in [[Kawa, Egypt|Kawa]] and [[Faras]] in [[Nubia]]. The title of the sister of the [[Viceroy of Kush]] included a reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult.{{sfn|Booth|2007|p=120}}
[[File:Tutankhamun cartouches.svg|150px|thumb|left|[[Cartouche]] left: ''[[Nomen (ancient Egypt)|Nomen]]'' "Tutankhamun, ruler of Upper Heliopolis".{{sfn|Robinson|2009|pages=90–91}}{{sfn|Collier|Manley|2003|page=28}} Right: ''[[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|Prenomen]]'' "Nebkheperura".{{sfn|Collier|Manley|2003|page=28}}]]

The [[Amenhotep called Huy#Stela of Huy|Stela of Huy]] from Karnak Temple is also evidential of the [[List of pharaohs deified during lifetime|lifetime deification of pharaoh Tutankhamun]]. It contains a hymn directed to the deified form of Tutankhamun. Below is an English translation

<blockquote>
Give praises the [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul|ka]] of [[Amun]], lord of Karnak homage to Amun, by whom swear the Two Lands<br>
and ... to the royal ka of Tutankhamun:<br>
that they may give a happy lifetime and a body, joyful, every day, to the ka of the royal son of Kush, the overseer of the countries of the south, Huy<br>
</blockquote>

The hymn clearly regards Tutankhamun with equivalent divinity as the god [[Amun]].<ref name="u966">{{cite web | title=Vol 40, fasc. 1: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte (1940) : Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=2016-10-23 | url=https://archive.org/details/ASAE-40-1-1940/page/n27/mode/2up | access-date=2025-01-31}}</ref>

===Military campaigns===
[[File:King Tut charging enemies, 18th dynasty.jpg|thumb|Tutankhamun charging enemies, 18th dynasty]]
The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten. Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular with the [[Mitanni]]. Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts from various countries found in his tomb.<ref name="x111">{{cite web | last1=Osman | first1=Nadda | last2=Elaasar | first2=Mohamad | title=In pictures: Who was Tutankhamun? The boy king discovered a century ago | website=Middle East Eye | date=2022-11-03 | url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/egypt-tutankhamun-boy-king-pictures | access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref> Despite his efforts for improved relations, battles with [[Nubians]] and [[Asiatics]] were recorded in his mortuary temple at Thebes, both victories for Egypt.{{sfn|Gilbert|Holt|Hudson|1976|pp=28–9}} Also, as far as is known, Tutankhamun's military reign was undefeated, and is one of several other undefeated reigns in ancient Egypt's history.

====Battle participation====

The extent to which Tutankhamun participated in battles is an open question and has yet to reach consensus among researchers. On one hand, his tomb contained extensive military armament, such as bows, [[khopesh|khopesh swords]], daggers, wristguards, maces, shields and a club, suggesting he had extensive weaponry training. Many such items were inscribed with his name, and clearly in used condition.<ref name="m530"></ref> Various imagery, in ancient Egypt's classic battle [[Narrative art|narrative art]] genre does depict Tutankhamun as directly participatory in warfare, such as the graphic battle depictions on the painted treasure chest in his tomb. Additional figurative [[Military_art#Ancient_world|military art]] depicts him dominating enemies, such as imagery of him as a sphinx trampling foes. Other Other artifacts, such as the Nine Bows footstool, walking sticks and sandals depicting enemies, and a gold leaf picture of him during chariot archery against enemies, also suggest that he was actively engaged in Egypt's international conflict.{{sfn|Darnell|Manassa|2007}} Egyptologist [[Bob Brier]] has argued leaning towards Tutankhamun being an actively participating warrior in his later years.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Reimagining Tutankhamun as a Warrior |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/reimagining-tutankhamun-as-a-warrior-180980657/ |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

On the other hand, given Tutankhamun's youth and hypothesized physical disabilities, like a speculated cane handicap, some historians are skeptical that he participated in these battles.{{sfn|Hawass et al.|2010|pages=638–647}}  Yet some experts, such as Biomedical Egyptologist Sofia Aziz and other researchers have taken the position that the speculations of Tutankhamun's physical frailty are overestimated, arguing that mummy damage has led to misdiagnosis. Instead, they argue that the more rigorous, scientific view  is that he was physically active, and perhaps militarily participatory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blakely |first=Rhys |date=2024-08-02 |title=King Tut 'was more teen dynamo than frail pharaoh' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/king-tut-was-more-teen-dynamo-than-frail-pharaoh-c9ldnq93b |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Egyptologist [[Charlotte Booth]] states that Tutankhamun participated in at least two battles (one Nubian battle, and one Asiatic battle), nevertheless noting that other researchers suggest that he may have only accompanied the army to the battlefield for [[moral support]], as opposed to actively participating.{{sfn|Booth|2007|pages=86–87}}