Editing Turquoise (section)

==Names==
The word ''turquoise'' dates to the 17th century and is derived from the [[Old French]] ''turquois'' meaning "Turkish" because the mineral was first brought to Europe through the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Beale-1973">{{Cite journal|last=Beale|first=Thomas W.|date=October 1973|title=Early trade in highland Iran: A view from a source area|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438243.1973.9979561|journal=World Archaeology|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=133–148|doi=10.1080/00438243.1973.9979561|issn=0043-8243}}</ref><ref name="mindat" /><ref name="rruff" /><ref name=Dana>{{cite book|last1=Palache|first1=C.|first2=H.|last2=Berman|first3=C.|last3=Frondel|date=1951|title=Dana's System of Mineralogy|publisher=Wiley|edition=7th|volume=II|pages=946–951}}</ref><ref name=USGS>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gemstones/sp14-95/turquoise.html Turquoise] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520223504/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gemstones/sp14-95/turquoise.html |date=2007-05-20 }}. minerals.usgs.gov</ref> However, according to [[Etymonline]], the word dates to the 14th century with the form ''turkeis'', meaning "Turkish", which was replaced with ''turqueise'' from French in the 1560s. According to the same source, the gemstone was first brought to Europe from [[Turkestan]] or another Turkic territory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turquoise - Etymology, origin and meaning of turquoise by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/turquoise |website=Online Etymology Dictionary (Etymonline) |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208140515/https://www.etymonline.com/word/turquoise |access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=2021-12-08 }}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] referred to the mineral as ''callais'' (from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|κάλαϊς}}) and the [[Aztec]]s knew it as ''chalchihuitl''.<ref name="Dana" />

In professional mineralogy, until the mid-19th century, the scientific names ''kalaite''<ref name="Edinburgh">The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 1st American ed., Volume 13. — J. and E. Parker edition, 1832.</ref>{{rp|571-572}} or [[azure spar]] were also used, which simultaneously provided a version of the mineral origin of turquoise.<ref name="Brit">Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume fifth. — Edinburgh: printed for Archibald Constable and Company, 1824.</ref>{{rp|452}} However, these terms did not become widespread and gradually fell out of use.