Editing Turkish hip-hop (section)

==History==
Before Turkish hip hop took hold in Turkey, specifically Istanbul and Ankara, it originally grew out of Turkish [[ethnic enclave]]s in Germany.  Owing its large population to the Turkish migrants that came to Germany in the 1960s as [[Gastarbeiter]] (guest-workers), 2/3 of all Turks in Germany are under the age of 35 and half are under 25.<ref>(Statistiches Landesant Berlin, 1999)</ref>  Exclusionary practices on behalf of the government, particularly in terms of citizenship status, create systematic discrimination of Turks in Germany that fuels racism against migrant workers.  Although born in Germany, the children of these Gastarbeiters are not recognized as citizens by Germany or their parents' country of origin.  Often living in dilapidated neighborhoods and marked as outsiders by their  "eastern" traditions and poor command of the German language, Turkish urban youth gravitate towards hip hop as means of expressive identity construction. From the first rap vinyl recorded in the Turkish language—‘Bir Yabancının Hayatı’ (The Life of a Foreigner) by King Size Terror—to the creation of an entire subgenre—Oriental hip hop—Turkish youth in Germany have embraced and moved beyond pure imitation of African American hip-hop culture.  Localizing hip hop, Turks in Germany have reworked it to “act as a mode of expression for a range of local issues” particularly those related racism and the problem of national identity experienced by younger members of ethnic minority groups.<ref>Bennet, Andy. "Hip Hop Am Main: the Localization of Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture." Media, Culture, and Society 21 (1999).</ref>

Turkish hip-hop had risen to prominence in Germany with the success and popularity of the [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[rap music|rap]] group [[Cartel (rap group)|Cartel]] in the mid 1995s throughout Turkey. After the success of their first album, the members of Cartel had a fight almost killing some of their members. The group was forbidden to perform together again and the members of Cartel were jailed. Cartel's album was banned from the music market.