Editing Tulane University (section)

==History==
===Founding and early history – 19th century===
[[File:Paul Tulane engraved portrait.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Paul Tulane]], eponymous philanthropist of the school]]
The university was founded as the '''Medical College of Louisiana'''<ref name="facts"/> in 1834 partly as a response to the fears of [[smallpox]], [[yellow fever]], and [[cholera]] in the United States.<ref name="beginnings">{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4200/is_20041004/ai_n10175884/ |title=Tulane University celebrates birthday No. 170 |year=2004 |publisher=New Orleans CityBusiness |access-date=May 30, 2009 |first=Richard A. |last=Webster |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016223503/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4200/is_20041004/ai_n10175884/ |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The university became the second medical school in the South, and the 15th in the United States at the time. In 1847, the state legislature established the school as the '''University of Louisiana''',<ref name="facts"/> a [[State university system|public university]], and the [[Tulane University Law School|law department]] was added to the university. Subsequently, in 1851, the university established its first academic department. The first president chosen for the new university was [[Francis Lister Hawks]], an Episcopal priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time.

The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varhola |first=Michael J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBZjDwAAQBAJ |title=Life in Civil War America |date=2011-01-31 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4403-1088-1 |language=en}}</ref> After reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nation's economy. [[Paul Tulane]], owner of a prospering dry goods and clothing business, donated extensive real estate within New Orleans for the support of education. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund (TEF), whose board of administrators sought to support the University of Louisiana instead of establishing a new university. In response, through the influence of former [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] general [[Randall Lee Gibson]], the Louisiana state legislature transferred control of the University of Louisiana to the administrators of the TEF in 1884.<ref name="facts" /> This act created the '''Tulane University of Louisiana'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/sub.asp?key=748&subkey=14527&start=782 |title=The Carnegie Foundation |access-date=June 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111825/http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/sub.asp?key=748&subkey=14527&start=782 |archive-date=January 14, 2009 }}</ref> The university was privatized, and is one of only a few American universities to be converted from a state public institution to a private one.<ref name="The American Presidency Project">{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4859|title=Gerald R. Ford: Address at a Tulane University convocation|year=1975|publisher=The American Presidency Project|access-date=March 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027103214/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4859|archive-date=October 27, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

Paul Tulane's endowment to the school specified that the institution could only admit white students, and Louisiana law passed in 1884 reiterated this condition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Tulane University Admits 5 Negroes, First in Its History|last=United Press International|date=January 26, 1963|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

In 1884, [[William Preston Johnston]] became the first president of Tulane. He had succeeded [[Robert E. Lee]] as president of [[Washington and Lee University]] after Lee's death. He had moved to Louisiana and become president of [[Louisiana State University]] in 1880.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayo |first=Amory Dwight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-8BAAAAYAAJ |title=William Preston Johnston's Work for a New South |date=1900 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref>

In 1885, the university established its graduate division, later becoming the Graduate School. One year later, gifts from [[Josephine Louise Newcomb]] totaling over $3.6 million, led to the establishment of the [[H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College]] within Tulane University. Newcomb was the first coordinate college for women in the United States and became a model for such institutions as [[Pembroke College in Brown University|Pembroke College]] and [[Barnard College]].<ref name="dates"/> In 1894 the College of Technology formed, which would later become the School of Engineering. In the same year, the university moved to its present-day uptown campus on historic [[St. Charles Avenue]], [[St. Charles Streetcar Line|five miles (8&nbsp;km) by streetcar]] from downtown New Orleans.<ref name="dates"/>

===20th century===
[[File:Tulane1904GibsonHall.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gibson Hall (Tulane University)|Gibson Hall]], located on the uptown campus of Tulane University in 1904]]
With the improvements to Tulane University in the late 19th century, Tulane had a firm foundation to build upon as the premier university of the [[Deep South]] and continued the legacy with growth in the 20th century. During 1907, the school established a four-year professional curriculum in architecture through the College of Technology, growing eventually into the [[Tulane School of Architecture]]. One year later, Schools of Dentistry and Pharmacy were established, albeit temporarily. The School of Dentistry ended in 1928, and Pharmacy six years later.<ref name="dates"/> In 1914, Tulane established a College of Commerce, the first [[business school]] in [[Southern United States|the South]].<ref name="dates">{{cite web| url=http://www.tulane.edu/~alumni/potpourri/IF.pdf| title=Significant dates in Tulane's History| publisher=tulane.edu| access-date=June 7, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615013419/http://www.tulane.edu/~alumni/potpourri/IF.pdf| archive-date=June 15, 2007| url-status=live}}</ref> In 1925, Tulane established the independent Graduate School. Two years later, the university set up a [[Tulane University School of Social Work|School of Social Work]], also the first in the southern United States.<ref name="dates"/> Tulane was instrumental in promoting the arts in New Orleans and the South in establishing the Newcomb School of Art with [[William Woodward (artist)|William Woodward]] as director, thus establishing the renowned [[Newcomb Pottery]]. The [http://mari.tulane.edu/ Middle American Research Institute] was established in 1925 at Tulane "for the purpose of advanced research into the history (both Indian and colonial), archaeology, tropical botany (both economic and medical), the natural resources and products, of the countries facing New Orleans across the waters to the south; to gather, index and disseminate data thereupon; and to aid in the upbuilding of the best commercial and friendly relations between these Trans-Caribbean peoples and the United States."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tulane.edu/~mari/|title=mission statement of the Middle American Research Institute|year=1925|access-date=May 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506160943/http://www.tulane.edu/~mari/|archive-date=May 6, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tulane School of Professional Advancement|University College]] was established in 1942 as Tulane's division of continuing education. By 1950, the School of Architecture had grown out of Engineering into an independent school. In 1958, the university was elected to the [[Association of American Universities]], an organization consisting of 62 of the leading research universities in North America. The [[Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine|School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine]] again became independent from the School of Medicine in 1967. It was established in 1912. Tulane's School of Tropical Medicine also remains the only one of its kind in the country. On April 23, 1975, US President [[Gerald Ford]] spoke at Tulane University's Fogelman Arena at the invitation of [[F. Edward Hebert]], the US representative of Louisiana's 1st Congressional District. During the historic speech, Ford announced that the Vietnam War was "finished as far as America is concerned" one week before the fall of [[Saigon]]. Ford drew parallels to the [[Battle of New Orleans]] and said that such positive activity could do for America's morale what the battle did in 1815.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/750208.htm |title=Address at a Tulane University Convocation |year=1975 |publisher=Ford Presidential Library |access-date=January 8, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926033522/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/750208.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2006}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], Tulane was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="tulane-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.asp?ID=1103 |title=Arthur J.M. Oustalet Jr. |publisher=Veteran Tributes |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1963, Tulane enrolled its first African American students.<ref name=":0" /> In 1990, Rhonda Goode-Douglas, alongside other black, female students, founded the first African American sorority in Tulane's history, AKA Omicron Psi.
[[File:Gibson Hall, 2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|Gibson Hall today. Facing historic [[St. Charles Avenue]], it is the entry landmark on the uptown campus.]]
A detailed account of the history of Tulane University from its founding through 1965 was published by Dyer.<ref name="Dyer">John P. Dyer, ''Tulane: The Biography of a University, 1834 – 1965'', Harper and Row publ, 1966.</ref>

===21st century===
In July 2004, Tulane received two $30 million donations to its [[financial endowment|endowment]], the largest individual or combined gifts in the university's history. The donations came from [[James H. Clark]], a member of the university's board of trustees and founder of [[Netscape]], and [[David Filo]], a graduate of its School of Engineering and co-founder of [[Yahoo!]]. A fund-raising campaign called "Promise & Distinction" raised $730.6 million by October 3, 2008, increasing the university's total endowment to more than $1.1 billion; by March 2009, Yvette Jones, Tulane's Chief Operating Officer, told Tulane's Staff Advisory Council that the endowment "has lost close to 37%", affected by the [[Great Recession]].<ref name="endow2009">{{cite web| url=http://tulane.edu/sac/upload/SAC-Minutes-3-12-2009.doc| format=[[DOC (computing)|DOC]]| title=Tulane University Staff Advisory Council: Minutes of Thursday, March 12, 2009| publisher=Tulane University| date=March 12, 2009| access-date=April 29, 2009| quote=Tulane made some hard decisions after Katrina, and we are not in as difficult position that many institutions are in now. We are conditioned in times like this because of how we have worked so long. Endowment has lost close to 38%, the incoff of that is only 6% of our revenue base. The challenge is the endowments whose market value is lower and we cannot pay out on, but generally we are in good shape.| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621020621/http://tulane.edu/sac/upload/SAC-Minutes-3-12-2009.doc| archive-date=June 21, 2009| url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Tulane had to evacuate all students and close down for a month due to damage from [[Hurricane Ida]]. No classes took place for two weeks, then there were virtual classes for the remaining two weeks.

In June 2024, non-tenure track faculty at Tulane voted to form Tulane Workers United, the first higher education faculty union in the state of Louisiana. The union is formally affiliated with [[Workers United]] and [[Service Employees International Union|SEIU]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fazio |first1=Marie |title=Tulane University non-tenured faculty vote to unionize in push for higher pay, job security |url=https://www.nola.com/news/education/tulane-university-non-tenured-faculty-vote-union-workers-pay/article_504752b0-2db5-11ef-b9c1-07a59ff0cec0.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |publisher=Times-Picayune |date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

====Hurricane Katrina====
{{Main|Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Tulane University}}
[[File:Tulane Freeman School of Business interior.jpg|thumb|Main hall at the Freeman School of Business]]
As a result of [[Hurricane Katrina]] in August 2005 and its damaging effects on New Orleans, most of the university was closed for the second time in its history—the first being during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The closing affected the first semester of the school calendar year. The School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine's distance learning programs and courses stayed active. The School of Medicine relocated to [[Houston]], [[Texas]] for a year. Aside from student-athletes attending college classes together on the same campuses, most undergraduate and graduate students dispersed to campuses throughout the U.S. The storm inflicted more than $650 million in damages to the university, with some of the greatest losses impacting the [[Howard-Tilton Memorial Library]] and its collections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tulane.edu/news/releases/pr_071510.cfm |title=Tulane University - Sources for News Coverage of Hurricane Katrina's Fifth Anniversary |access-date=April 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413133433/https://tulane.edu/news/releases/pr_071510.cfm |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Facing a budget shortfall, the Board of Administrators announced a "Renewal Plan" in December 2005 to reduce its annual operating budget and create a "student-centric" campus. Addressing the school's commitment to New Orleans, a course credit involving [[Service-learning|service learning]] became a requirement for an undergraduate degree. In 2006 Tulane became the first Carnegie ranked "high research activity" institution to have an undergraduate public service graduation requirement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tulane.edu/cps/about/graduation-requirement.cfm |title=Public Service Graduation Requirement |publisher=Tulane.edu |date=July 8, 2010 |access-date=April 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402001616/http://tulane.edu/cps/about/graduation-requirement.cfm |archive-date=April 2, 2012 }}</ref> In May 2006, graduation ceremonies included commencement speakers former Presidents [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[Bill Clinton]], who commended the students for their desire to return to Tulane and serve New Orleans in its renewal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/commencement-2006/4/|title=Commencement 2006|date=May 22, 2006|access-date=June 1, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902094513/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/commencement-2006/4/|archive-date=September 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.tulane.edu/grads/speakers-william-clinton.cfm|title=Tulane University - 2006 Speaker - William J. Clinton|website=www2.tulane.edu|language=en|access-date=June 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530054540/http://tulane.edu/grads/speakers-william-clinton.cfm|archive-date=May 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>