Editing Trinity College, Toronto (section)

==History==
===Founding===
[[File:Johnstrachan.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5|left|John Strachan]]
[[John Strachan]] (1778–1867) was an [[Anglican]] priest, [[Archdeacon]] of [[York, Ontario|York]], and staunch supporter of [[Upper Canada]]'s conservative [[Family Compact]]. Strachan was interested in education, and as early as 1818 petitioned the colonial House of Assembly for the formation of a theological university.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sheraton |first= J. P. |editor = W. J. Alexander |title= The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827-1906 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1906 |page = 185 |url= https://archive.org/details/universityoftor00univuoft}}</ref> In 1826, Lieutenant Governor [[Sir Peregrine Maitland]] commissioned Strachan to visit England and obtain a [[royal charter]] for a provincial university.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burwash |first= N Street |editor = W. J. Alexander |title= The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827-1906 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1906 |page = 11 |url= https://archive.org/details/universityoftor00univuoft}}</ref> Strachan was successful, and returned in 1827 with a charter from [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]] to establish King's College in [[Upper Canada]]. King's College was effectively controlled by the [[Church of England]] and members of the elite Family Compact, and at first reflected Strachan's ambition for an institution of conservative, [[High Anglican]] character.<ref name="Reid">{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofunivers00reed |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952}}</ref> Strachan objected to proposals for the provincial university to be without a religious affiliation, dubbing such a suggestion "atheistical, and so monstrous in its consequences that, if successfully carried out, it would destroy all that is pure and holy in morals and religion, and would lead to greater corruption than anything adopted during the madness of the French Revolution."<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, p. 5.</ref>

[[File:John Strachan Bust.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|Bust of John Strachan in the Trinity quad, 2020]]In 1849, over strong opposition from Strachan, [[Robert Baldwin]]'s [[Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)|Reformist]] government took control of the college and [[secularize]]d it to become the [[University of Toronto]].<ref name="Reid"/> Incensed by this decision, Strachan immediately began raising funds for the creation of a new university. Strachan canvassed Great Britain and Upper Canada for donations, and although he fell short of his goal of £30,000, he received significant commitments from the [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]], the [[Duke of Wellington]], [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]], and [[Oxford University]]. Despite Strachan's public anti-Americanism, the project for a new Anglican university attracted substantial donations from a fundraising campaign in the United States by The Reverend William McMurray.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |pages = 45–46 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Butler |first= David |title= Bishop Strachan and Heraldry in the University of Trinity College, Toronto |publisher= Stratford Herald Publishing Company |year= 2013 |page = 25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mcmurray_william_12E.html|title=Biography – McMURRAY, WILLIAM – Volume XII (1891–1900) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography|website=www.biographi.ca}}</ref>

On April 30, 1851, now-[[Anglican Bishop of Toronto|Bishop]] Strachan led a parade of clergy, schoolboys, and prospective faculty from the Church of [[St George the Martyr]] to the site of the new Trinity College. There, Strachan delivered a speech repeating his condemnation of the "destruction of King's College as a Christian institution," and promised that Trinity would fulfil the role of a church university.<ref>Westfall, William. ''The Founding Moment.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002, pp. 3–6.</ref> The Provincial Parliament incorporated Trinity College as an independent university on August 2, 1851.<ref>[http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView/9_05217/0002?id=a12dcc25b94c4de9 An Act to incorporate Trinity College], [[Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada]], No. 220. 3d Session, 3d Parliament, 13 & 14 Victoria, 1850,</ref> The following year, Strachan, now in his 70s, obtained a Royal Charter for Trinity from [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]].<ref name="Pound 2005">{{cite book |title=Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates |last=Pound |first=Richard W. |publisher=Fitzhenry and Whiteside |year=2005}}</ref> The college opened to students on January 15, 1852.<ref name="Reid"/> Most of the first class of students and faculty came from the [[Diocesan Theological Institute]], an Anglican seminary in [[Cobourg, ON|Cobourg]] also founded by Strachan in 1842, which dissolved itself in favour of Trinity.<ref>Westfall, William. ''The Founding Moment.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002, pp. 5–6.</ref> [[File:TrinBellwood.jpg|thumb|left|The original Gothic Revival Trinity College, circa 1852 by architect [[Kivas Tully]]]]

Unlike the University of Toronto, all of Trinity's students and faculty were required to be members of the Anglican Church.<ref>Westfall, William. ''The Founding Moment.'' McGill–Queen's University Press, 2002, p. 13.</ref> This was actually a stronger condition than the original King's College, which only held a religious test for faculty members and students of divinity.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burwash |first= N Street |editor = W. J. Alexander |title= The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827–1906 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1906 |page = 12 |url= https://archive.org/details/universityoftor00univuoft}}</ref> Applicants to Trinity's Faculty of Arts were required to pass exams in biblical history, Latin, Greek, arithmetic, algebra, and Euclid. Applicants for the divinity school were required to have a bachelor's degree in arts, and to pass oral exams from the Provost in the New Testament, church catechism, Latin, and Greek.<ref>Reed, T. A. ''A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952.'' University of Toronto Press, 1952, pp. 52–53.</ref>

At the opening of the college, Bishop Strachan used the metaphor of the family to describe Trinity. Per Strachan, Trinity would "constitute a great Christian household, the domestic home of all who resort to it for instruction, framing them in the Christian graces, and in all sound learning, and sanctifying their knowledge, abilities and attainments to the service of God and the welfare of their fellow-men." The usage of the family metaphor was common at the time, and reflected a common view in Upper Canada that schools were extensions of the family model.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |pages = 70–71 }}</ref>

===Early years===
[[File:GeorgeWhitaker.JPG|thumb|right|upright=.75|Provost [[George Whitaker (Canadian educator)|George Whitaker]]]]Designed by [[Kivas Tully]], the original Trinity College building was constructed in 1851 on Queen Street West, in what was then an undeveloped western end outside the Toronto city bounds.<ref>[http://dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/architects/view/934 Charles Barry Cleveland] from ''Dictionary of Architects in Canada'', retrieved 14 January 2015</ref> The building featured [[Gothic Revival]] design, and was inspired by [[St Aidan's College, Birkenhead|St. Aidan's Theological College]], Birkenhead.<ref>Graham Warwick Owen, “Projects for Trinity College, Toronto.” The Journal of Canadian Art History. (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1977), 61.</ref>

Discipline in the early years was strict. All students were subject to a rigid curfew, and daily chapel attendance was mandatory. If a student wished to leave college grounds, they were required to wear a cap and gown. The college was deliberately built away from the temptations of the city proper. This was all part of Strachan's plan to counteract the University of Toronto's secularism through modelling his vision of conservative Anglican education. Strachan was supported in these efforts by [[George Whitaker (Canadian educator)|George Whitaker]], a clergyman from [[Cambridge University]] who served as Trinity's divinity professor and first Provost. Strachan's hatred of the secular university was so great that Trinity's student athletes were forbidden to compete against students from the University of Toronto.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, p. 28.</ref> It is not well known what the general student body thought of these rules, although there are records of students having cached their formal garb in the college ravine and clandestinely visiting town in informal clothes.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, pp. 11–17.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 68 }}</ref> Despite the rigid rules and church culture, beer consumption formed an important element of student life, and students purchased over 100 gallons of ale a year from a nearby brewery.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Watson |first= Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |publisher= Trinity Review |year= 1952 |pages = 17–18}}</ref>

Bishop [[Benjamin Cronyn]] of [[Diocese of Huron|Huron]] led an attack on the teaching of Trinity College in the early 1860s. Cronyn was an evangelical [[low church]] Anglican, who accused Provost Whitaker of spreading "dangerous" [[Romish]] doctrines. The College Corporation struck an investigatory committee to investigate Cronyn's claims. After the committee published its findings, Provost Whitaker received votes of confidence from the corporation, the Synod of Toronto, the Synod of Ontario, and the House of Bishops. Bishop Cronyn responded by resigning from the corporation, withdrawing all connections between the Diocese of Huron and Trinity College, and founding [[Huron College (Ontario)|Huron College]] (today affiliated with [[Western University (Canada)|Western University]]).<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | pages = 62–69}}</ref> In 1877, [[Evangelical Anglicanism|Evangelical Anglicans]] affiliated with [[St. James Cathedral (Toronto)|St. James Cathedral]] founded [[Wycliffe College, Toronto|Wycliffe College]] as a [[Low church|low-church]] alternative to Trinity within Toronto.<ref>{{cite book |last= Edinborough |first= Arnold |title= The Enduring Word: A Centennial History of Wycliffe College |publisher= University of Toronto Press |year= 1978 |pages = 10–12}}</ref>

[[File:Trinity College Class of 1882.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|Trinity College's Class of 1882. Famed Canadian poet [[Archibald Lampman]] is at the far left, seated]]Bishop Strachan died on November 1, 1867 ([[All Saints' Day]]). Provost Whitaker committed to maintaining Strachan's vision for the university, and continued to run the institution in strict conformity with conservative church principles. While Whitaker slowly permitted new courses to be offered, Trinity's core subjects remained theology, classics, and mathematics. Despite the urges of the College Council and some students, Whitaker steadfastly rejected federation with the University of Toronto.<ref>{{cite book |last= Watson |first= Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |publisher= Trinity Review |year= 1952 |page = 42 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |pages = 99–103 }}</ref> To Whitaker, the benefits of joining the larger, secular University were outweighed by the "priceless benefits of such an education as can be given only on Christian principles, and under the hallowed shelter of the Church of Christ."<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 102 }}</ref>

In 1879, Provost Whitaker lost a contentious election to become Bishop of Toronto. This was his third failure seeking the position, and after the loss he resolved to return to his home in England.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |pages = 103–104 }}</ref> Whitaker left in 1881, and in his place the College Council appointed the Reverend Charles Body, another clergyman from Cambridge. Body was thirty at the time of his appointment, and significantly reformed the curriculum and policies of Trinity College.<ref>{{cite book |last= Watson |first= Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |publisher= Trinity Review |year= 1952 |pages = 48–49 }}</ref> Under Provost Body, religious entry-requirements were abolished for non-divinity students, and the first female students were admitted to study. The requirement to wear a cap and gown while leaving College grounds was dropped, although chapel attendance remained mandatory for both divinity and arts students. Body's reforms succeeded in attracting new students, and within a decade enrollment more than doubled.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 108 }}</ref>

The original College building suffered from architectural defects. The building was cold in winter, and fireplaces filled the residence rooms with smoke. Until 1888, the college used coal for heating, which generated noxious fumes.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, pp. 14–15.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |page = 41 }}</ref> Over time, additional wings were added to the college, such as a convocation hall added in 1877 in memory of John Strachan. A designated chapel was built in 1883; previously, chapel had been held in a room originally intended for the college's library. Enrolment grew substantially under Provosts Body and Welch, such that in 1894 the college erected an east wing devoted entirely to student residences.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sheraton |first= J. P. |editor = W. J. Alexander |title= The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827–1906 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1906 |pages = 216–217 |url= https://archive.org/details/universityoftor00univuoft}}</ref> [[File:Trinity Medical College.jpg|thumb|left|Trinity Medical College in East Toronto]]

Under Provost Body and his successor Edward Welch, Trinity College gradually expanded its teaching beyond arts and divinity. By the end of the 19th century Trinity offered degrees in a variety of disciplines, including medicine, law, music, pharmacy and dentistry. The connections between the professional faculties and the college proper were however somewhat tenuous, as students generally took classes elsewhere in Toronto, and only came to the Queen Street campus to write exams and accept degrees.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, pp. 49–50.</ref> Trinity was founded with a medical school run by six Toronto doctors, and the first lecture ever given at Trinity was on "medical jurisprudence". However, the medical faculty dissolved itself in 1856 in protest of the religious entry requirements. Trinity Medical School re-founded itself in 1871, and taught students in a separate building in Toronto's east end. The school (renamed Trinity Medical College in 1888) existed as an independent legal body in voluntary association with Trinity College.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westfall |first= William |title= The Founding Moment: Church, Society, and the Construction of Trinity College |publisher= [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year= 2002 |pages = 24–25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | page = 58}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Spragge |first= George W. |date= June 1966 |title= The Trinity Medical College |journal= Ontario Historical Society |volume= 58 |issue=2 |pages= 63–98|pmid= 11620401 }}</ref> Trinity's Faculty of Music started offering degrees in the 1880s, and offered examinations for degrees in London, England, and New York City, as well as Toronto.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | pages = 98–100}}</ref>

[[File:OldTrinFaculty1904.JPG|thumb|Trinity College faculty at the time of federation]]In 1884, [[Helen Gregory MacGill|Helen Gregory]] enrolled as the first female student at Trinity College. Gregory graduated with three degrees, and later became a judge in the Vancouver Juvenile Court. [[St. Hilda's College, Toronto|St. Hilda's College]] was created in 1888 as Trinity's women's residence.<ref>{{cite journal | title =University of Trinity College, Toronto. | journal =Dominion Illustrated News (Montreal) | volume =1 | issue =5 | page =76 | date =August 4, 1888 }}</ref><ref>[http://dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/architects/view/1310 Eden Smith] from ''Dictionary of Architects in Canada'', retrieved 14 January 2015</ref> For the first six years of its existence, female students lived and took all their classes in St. Hilda's. Under Provost Welch, co-education came to Trinity, and the two teaching staffs and sets of courses merged into one.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, p. 56.</ref>

===Federation===
Federation with the University of Toronto was first suggested in 1868, when a financial crisis compelled the College Council to consider uniting with the university to stave off bankruptcy. Provost Body ultimately eschewed federation, favouring significant reforms to encourage applications.<ref>Westfall, William. ''The Founding Moment.'' McGill–Queen's University Press, 2002, pp. 105–107.</ref> Body's reforms were successful, and the college entered a strong financial position across his thirteen-year term. Body retired as Provost in 1894, and his successor Reverend Edward Welch arrived at the beginning of an economic depression. Under Provost Welch, enrollment declined steeply, and by the turn of the century Trinity had returned to financial crisis.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, pp. 52–54.</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofunivers00reed |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | pages = 106–107}}</ref>

[[File:St. Hilda's Hockey Team.jpg|left|thumb|St. Hilda's College Hockey Team, 1904–1905]]Provost Thomas C.&nbsp;S. Macklem succeeded Welch in 1900, and entered office in favour of federation with the University of Toronto.<ref name="friedland">[[Martin L. Friedland]]. ''The University of Toronto: A History''. The University of Toronto Press, 2002. p. 136</ref> In a newspaper interview, Reverend Macklem declared that "the time has come when neither the University of Toronto nor Trinity University can afford to stand aloof from one another any longer without sacrificing a great national ideal."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= New Provost of Trinity |work= The Globe|location= Toronto |date= April 7, 1900}}</ref> Macklem was Trinity's first Canadian-born Provost, and proved an ardent reformer, who quickly banned beer and [[hazing]] over the strong opposition of the student body.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review | pages = 93–94}}</ref> In 1901, the Provincial Legislature amended the University of Toronto Act to facilitate a possible federation with Trinity.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofunivers00reed |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | page = 125}}</ref> Trinity celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 1902, still an independent university, but undergoing negotiations with the University of Toronto on federation. To mark the occasion, Trinity conferred honorary degrees to Premier [[George William Ross]], and renowned physician [[William Osler]].<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, p. 95.</ref> The next year, after what Macklem described as a "long-drawn and bitter" series of debates, the College Corporation voted 121 to 73 in favour of federation with the University of Toronto.<ref name="University, Canadian Encyclopedia">[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/university University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821204157/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008242 |date=2009-08-21 }} at [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] online (accessed 8 June 2008)</ref><ref name="friedland"/><ref name="UofTandColleges">{{cite book |last= Macklem |first= T. C. Street |editor = W. J. Alexander |title= The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827–1906 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1906}}</ref> Opponents of federation sought a judicial injunction against the agreement, but were unsuccessful. The University of Toronto made a concession to allow Trinity to grant its own degrees in theology, which required the university to remove the restriction from its governing charter.<ref name="friedland"/>

[[File:Convocation, 1904.jpg|thumb|right|The last graduates from pre-federation Trinity, September 29, 1904. Provost Macklem and Chancellor Robinson are at the front, center]]
On October 1, 1904, Trinity became a member college of the University of Toronto and relinquished to the university its authority to grant degrees in subjects other than theology. At first, Trinity students were required to commute from the Queen Street residence to main University campus for classes, a distance of some three and a half kilometres.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, p. 100.</ref> While Trinity had been intentionally built in a quiet environment away from the bustle of Toronto, the city had expanded, and the college was now located in a seedy outskirt.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review | page=121}}</ref> Trinity resolved to relocate closer to the main University campus, and so abandoned plans for a significant expansion at its Queen Street site.<ref name="Picture">{{cite book |last= Kenrick |first= Charles |title= Picturesque Trinity |url= https://archive.org/details/picturesquetrini00kenruoft |publisher= [[George N. Morang & Company]] |year= 1903}}</ref> The college acquired its present property near [[Queen's Park, Toronto|Queen's Park]] at the university grounds in 1913, but construction of the new college buildings, modeled after the original buildings by [[Kivas Tully]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secure.toronto.ca/HeritagePreservation/details.do?folderRsn=2435699&propertyRsn=224641|title=City of Toronto's Heritage Property Search Detail|website=toronto.ca}}</ref> was not completed until 1925 due to [[World War I]].<ref name="Review">{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review}}</ref> Five hundred and forty-three Trinity students, staff, and alumni fought in the War, of whom fifty-six died and eighty-six were wounded.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofunivers00reed |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | page = 145}}</ref>

Trinity College's original campus became [[Trinity Bellwoods Park]]. The original building was torn down in the 1950s. Of the original campus, only the St. Hilda's women's residence and the entrance gates, constructed in 1904, remain standing.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review | page=109}}</ref>

===On Hoskin Avenue===
[[File:Trinity College, Toronto, 1928.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Trinity College on Hoskin Avenue, 1928]]When Trinity College moved to its present site on Hoskin Avenue in 1925, there was no space for student residences. Not only had the financial pressure of the War delayed construction of the building, it also necessitated a significant scaling back of the design. While the college originally planned for a campus with two quadrangles, a chapel, and a convocation hall, finances only permitted the construction of the south wing by 1925. The building had no residence space, and so the college rented separate buildings on St. George Street for the male and female students. An increasingly large proportion of students chose not to stay on College residence, and the student culture began slowly to be influenced by the larger University.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852-1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review | pages=137–142}}</ref>

To counteract the perceived diluting influence of the University of Toronto on Trinity culture, concerned students insisted on wearing College gowns and blazers around campus to classes. In 1949, some students proposed a ban on freshmen joining [[fraternities]], but this was defeated on grounds of impeding on individualism.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review | pages=184–185}}</ref> Trinity engaged in rivalries with nearby Colleges, starting with a series of violent raids from University College in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review | pages=142, 148}}</ref> Across the 1950s, Trinity entered into a fierce, yet good-natured rivalry with its immediate neighbour (and competing Anglican divinity school) Wycliffe College. This rivalry included reciprocal raids between the colleges, thefts of college artifacts, and one instance in November 1953 when Wycliffe students filled up Trinity's entryway with bricks from the under-construction chapel.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Chapel Bricks Stray to Trinity Entrance Helped by Theologs|url=https://archive.org/details/thevarsity73/page/262/mode/2up/search/theologs?q=theologs |work=[[The Varsity (newspaper)|The Varsity]] |location=Toronto |date=November 13, 1953 |access-date=June 2, 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:Trinity College Entrance Bricked.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Trinity's main entrance, bricked up by students from [[Wycliffe College]], November 13, 1953]]In 1937, construction began on the new St. Hilda's building, located on the east side of Devonshire Place, a short walk from the main Trinity building. Construction was swift, and female students moved in the next year. St. Hilda's Cartwright Hall became the primary stage for dramatics at Trinity for the subsequent four decades.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review | pages=156–157}}</ref> In 1941, the college added an east wing, allowing male students to move out of the temporary accommodations on St. George and onto the college grounds.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trinity Review |editor= Watson, Andrew |title= Trinity, 1852–1952 |year= 1952 |publisher= Trinity Review | pages=164–165}}</ref> The same year, the college added a west wing, complete with the Strachan Dining Hall and the Junior Common Room. This substantial expansion was funded by donations from Gerald Larkin of the [[Salada Tea Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/larkin_peter_charles_15E.html|title=Biography – LARKIN, PETER CHARLES – Volume XV (1921–1930) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography|website=www.biographi.ca}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> After the [[World War II|War]], Larkin also funded the construction of the Trinity College chapel in 1953. Previously, the college had used Seeley Hall, located over the front entrance and originally intended as the library, as the chapel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/discover/take-a-tour/visitors-guide/chapel/|title=The Chapel}}</ref>

One thousand and eighteen Trinity students, staff, and alumni served in the [[Second World War]]. Sixty-six were killed, and thirty-seven wounded. Two were made [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]], two Officers of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]], and two granted the [[Croix de Guerre]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | pages = 169–170}}</ref> In 1940, one hundred and sixty pupils and fifteen teachers from St. Hilda's School for Girls at Whitby in England were sent to Trinity to escape the German wartime bombings, where they were housed at St. Hilda's College.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reed |editor-first= T. A.|title= A History of the University of Trinity College, Toronto, 1852–1952 |publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] |year= 1952 | pages = 218–220}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wasteneys |first=Hortense |editor-last=Sutton |editor-first=Barbara |title=Sanctam Hildam Canimus: A Collection of Reminiscences |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=1988 |pages=54–55 |chapter="Et in Arcadia Ego"}}</ref>

[[File:Strachan Hall Exterior, 1941.jpg|thumb|left|Strachan Hall Exterior, 1941]]In 1961, Trinity College completed a new multi-purpose building to its north-west, named after benefactor Gerald Larkin. The Trinity College quadrangle was completed in 1963, when a completed north wing enclosed the land.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/discover/take-a-tour/visitors-guide/quadrangle/|title = The Quad}}</ref> In 1979, a theater was added to the Larkin Building, named after Provost George Ignatieff, which quickly replaced Cartwright Hall as the primary forum for student drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/discover/take-a-tour/visitors-guide/george-ignatieff-theatre/|title=George Ignatieff Theatre}}</ref>

In January 1966, Trinity College hosted the "Trinity College Conference on the Canadian Indian." The Conference included presentations from on and off-reserve indigenous persons, and is believed to be Canada's first student-organized forum on indigenous issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.trinity.utoronto.ca/nota-bene-3/|title = Nota Bene – Trinity Magazine}}</ref>

George Ignatieff, Canada's former Ambassador to [[Yugoslavia]], [[NATO]], and the [[United Nations]], became Provost in 1972; he was Trinity's first Provost without a theological background.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/discover/about/who-we-are/provost/past-provosts/|title=Past Provosts|access-date=2020-06-02|archive-date=2020-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605155359/https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/discover/about/who-we-are/provost/past-provosts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Under Ignatieff, the college integrated its academic programming with the wider University of Toronto to an unprecedented degree. When Ignatieff came to office, the college was deeply in debt. While enrollment remained high, the college was suffering from the policies of the Provincial Government which denied public funds to religious institutions. Due to Trinity's divinity school, it was therefore ineligible for government assistance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=October 18, 1972 |title=Ignatieff Has Tough New Job: Keeping Trinity College Solvent |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto}}</ref> As Provost, Ignatieff relieved much of Trinity's faculty, and in 1974 he signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the university's [[University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science|Faculty of Arts and Science]], ending much of Trinity's independent academics. Where previously Trinity students had taken many of their courses in College, thenceforth most courses were taken with students from other colleges under general University departments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1974-04-15 |title=Memorandum of Understanding Relating to the Role of the Colleges in the Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto |url=https://www.provost.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/155/2020/01/1974-MoU-Relating-to-the-Role-of-the-Colleges-in-the-Faculty-of-Arts-and-Science.pdf |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=[[University of Toronto]]}}</ref> Similarly, the Faculty of Divinity joined the Toronto School of Theology in 1978, granting its students access to courses at all the university's theological colleges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tst.edu/about/overview-history |title=Overview & History &#124; Toronto School of Theology |access-date=2020-06-02 |archive-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326191616/https://www.tst.edu/about/overview-history |url-status=dead }}</ref> One exception to this trend of academic integration was the [[international relations]] program, founded at the college in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/study-arts-science/international-relations/message-from-the-director/|title = Message from the Director}}</ref>

===Recent years===
[[File:George Ignatieff Theatre, Trinity College.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|George Ignatieff Theatre]]Trinity College suffered from a spate of negative media stories across the 1990s. In 1991 students began campaigning against Episkopon, a long-standing Trinity student society. Episkopon was founded in 1858 with the objective of providing "gentle chastisement" to errant members of college.<ref>Watson, Andrew. ''Trinity, 1852–1952.'' Trinity University Review, 1952, pp. 34–41.</ref> By the 1980s, some students began accusing the society of singling out students for racist, sexist, and homophobic attacks. This campaign attracted considerable press, and a statement of support from [[Marion Boyd]], Ontario's Minister for the Status of Women. In fall 1991, an outspoken student critic of Episkopon was doused in a bucket of urine and feces in what was reported as an act of retribution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Marilyn |date=October 21, 1991 |title=Episkopon Critic Target of Prank |work=[[The Varsity (newspaper)|The Varsity]] |location=Toronto}}</ref> In 1992, the College Council voted to dissociate Trinity from Episkopon, denying it student funds, official status, and the use of college property.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alanna |date=September 5, 1992 |title=The Tumult Over Episkopon |work=The Toronto Star |location=Toronto}}</ref>

In 1996, Trinity's Dean of Divinity David Holeton resigned his position after admitting to multiple claims of sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grange |first=Michael |date=January 19, 1996 |title=Anglican Priest Admits Claims of Sexual Abuse |work=The Toronto Star |location=Toronto}}</ref> Three years later, newspapers reported that Episkopon had returned to holding events, now simply off Trinity grounds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Warren |first=Carl |date=March 23, 1999 |title=Trinity College's Dirty Little Secret Society Slithers Back on to Campus |work=National Post |location=Toronto}}</ref>

The turn of the century brought substantial changes to Trinity College. In 2005, Provost [[Margaret MacMillan]], a famed historian and herself a Trinity graduate, ended the practice of gender-segregated residences. Whereas previously all women lived in St. Hilda's College and all men in the main Trinity building, under MacMillan co-education came to both buildings, with individual floors being designated single-sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/discover/news/item/celebrating-leaders-of-st-hildas-college/|title = Celebrating Leaders of St. Hilda's College}}</ref>