Editing Trento (section)

== History ==
{{See also|Timeline of Trento|Prince-Bishopric of Trent}}

The origins of this city on the river-route to [[Bolzano]] and the low Alpine passes of [[Brenner Pass|Brenner]] and the [[Reschen Pass]]<ref>Griffith Taylor, "Trento to the Reschen Pass: A Cultural Traverse of the Adige Corridor", ''Geographical Review'' '''30'''.2 (April 1940:215–237), "The site and evolution of the town of Trento", pp 220-.</ref> over the Alps are disputed. Some scholars maintain it was a [[Rhaetia]]n settlement: the Adige area was however influenced by neighbouring populations, including the [[Adriatic Veneti|(Adriatic) Veneti]], the [[Etruscans]] and the [[Gaul]]s (a [[Celt]]ic population). According to other theories, the latter instead founded the city during the 4th century BC.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

Trento was conquered by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in the 1st century BC, after several clashes with the Rhaetian tribes. Before the Romans, Trento was a Celtic village. [[Julius Caesar]] re-founded it as a Roman municipality when [[Lex Roscia|Rome extended citizenship]] to the part of [[Cisalpine Gaul]] north of the [[River Po]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cooley|first=Alison E.|author-link=Alison E. Cooley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bChcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285|title=A Companion to Roman Italy|date=2016-01-05|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-99311-8|pages=285|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ando|first1=Clifford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4ElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|title=Ancient States and Infrastructural Power: Europe, Asia, and America|last2=Richardson|first2=Seth|date=2017-05-26|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9417-0|pages=127|language=en}}</ref> The Latin name given to the settlement was ''Tridentum,'' meaning "Three-tooth place" or "Trident-town" ({{lang|la|tri-}} "three" + {{lang|la|dēns, dent-}} "tooth"). The reason for the name is uncertain: the new town may have been consecrated to the god [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]], or possibly named after the three hills that surround the city (known in Italian as ''Doss Trento'', ''Doss di Sant'Agata'' and ''Doss di San Rocco''). The Latin name is the source of the adjective "tridentine". On the old city hall, a [[Latin]] inscription is still visible: "''Montes argentum mihi dant nomenque Tridentum''" ("Mountains give me silver and the name of Trento"), attributed to Fra' Bartolomeo da Trento (died in 1251). Tridentum became an important stop on the [[Roman road]] that led from [[Verona]] to [[Innsbruck]].<ref>Taylor 1940:221.</ref>

[[File:Museo Diocesano Tridentino.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Palazzo pretorio and [[Trento Cathedral|Duomo]]]]
[[File:10 2014 Trento-Castello Buonconsiglio-panorama Loggia veneziana gotica-Col Castion, Doss Trento, Mausoleo Cesare Battisti, Monte Soprasasso, Monte Terlago-ITALY- K-5 II -Tamron AF 17-50mm F2.8-photo Paolo Villa.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Loggia]] of [[Buonconsiglio Castle]] in [[International Gothic]] style]]

After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the independent bishopric of Trento was conquered by [[Ostrogoths]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], [[Lombards]] and [[Franks]], finally becoming part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In 1027, Emperor [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] created the [[Prince-Bishops of Trento]], who wielded both temporal and religious powers.{{cn|date=December 2022}} In the following centuries, however, the sovereignty was divided between the [[Prince-Bishopric of Trent|Bishopric of Trent]] and the [[County of Tyrol]] (from 1363 part of the Habsburg monarchy). Around 1200, Trento became a mining center of some significance: silver was mined from the Monte Calisio – Khalisperg, and Prince-Bishop [[Federico Wanga]] issued the first mining code of the alpine region.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

In the 14th century, the [[Habsburg]] Family that ruled as dukes of [[Austria]] were also the counts of [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]].

A dark episode in the history of Trento was the murder of a 3-year-old Christian boy, Simonino, later known as [[Simon of Trent]], who disappeared in 1475 on the eve of [[Good Friday]]; the city's small Jewish community was accused of killing him and draining his blood for Jewish ritual purposes.<ref name="iht.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/04/arts/conway.php|publisher=iht.com|title=The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref> Eight Jews were tortured and burned at the stake, and their families forced to convert to Christianity. The bishop of Trento, [[Johannes Hinderbach]], sought (without success) to have Simonino canonized and published the first book printed in Trento, ''Story of a Christian Child Murdered at Trento'', embellished with 12 woodcuts.<ref name="iht.com"/> In a governmental ceremony in the 1990s, Trento apologized to the Jewish community for this dark episode and unveiled a plaque commemorating the formal apology.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

[[File:Council of Trent.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Council of Trent]]]]
[[File:Trento woodcut.jpg|thumb|right|250px|18th-century copy of a late 16th-century map<ref>The 16th-century original is Taylor 1940, fig. 6 p. 222.</ref> of Trento, northeast at top, showing walled old city and original course of the Adige]]

In the 16th century, Trento became notable for the [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) which gave rise to the [[Counter-Reformation]].{{cn|date=December 2022}} The adjective ''Tridentine'' (as in "Tridentine Mass") literally means pertaining to Trento, but can also refer to that specific event. Among the notable prince-bishops of this time were [[Bernardo Clesio]] (who governed the city from 1514 to 1539 and managed to steer the council to Trento) and [[Cristoforo Madruzzo]] (who governed from 1539 to 1567), both able European politicians and Renaissance [[humanism|humanists]], who greatly expanded and embellished the city.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

During this period, and as an expression of this Humanism, Trento was also known as the site of a [[Jewish]] printing press. In 1558 [[Cardinal Madruzzo]] granted the privilege of printing [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] [[Rabbinic literature|books]] to Joseph Ottolengo, a German [[rabbi]]. The actual printer was [[Jacob Marcaria]], a local physician; after his death in 1562, the activity of the press of Riva di Trento ceased. Altogether, 34 works were published in the period from 1558 to 1562, most of them bearing the coat of arms of Madruzzo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=314&letter=R |title=Riva Di Trento |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=2010-04-22}}</ref>

Prince-bishops governed Trento until the Napoleonic era, when it changed hands among various states. Under the [[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss|reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire]] in 1802, the Bishopric was secularized and annexed to the [[Habsburg]] territories. The [[Treaty of Pressburg (1805)|Treaty of Pressburg]] in 1805 ceded Trento to [[Bavaria]], and the [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]] four years later gave it to Napoleon's [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}

The population staged armed resistance to French domination.{{cn|date=December 2022}} The resistance leader was [[Andreas Hofer]]. During his youth, he lived in Italian Tyrol, where he learned the [[Italian language]]. When Hofer recovered Trento for the Austrians (1809), he was welcomed with enthusiasm by the population of Trento. Approximately 4,000 Trentinian volunteers (''Sìzzeri'' or ''Schützen'') died in battle against the French and Bavarian troops. In 1810, Hofer was captured and brought to [[Mantua]], and was shot by French soldiers on the express order of Napoleon.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

With Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Trento was annexed by the [[Austrian Empire|Habsburg Empire]]. Church government was finally extinguished, and Trento was henceforth governed by the secular administration of [[German Tyrol|Tyrol]]. In the following decades, Trento experienced a modernization of administration and economy with the first railroad in the Adige valley opening in 1859.  The entire Mediterranean basin was at risk of malaria, a factor that affected the entire Italian peninsula and this Alpine region was not spared. Even Tuscany was particularly hard hit; malaria existed far inland into the Veneto area, reaching the Italian Alps.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc= 3340992 | pmid=22550561 | doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.016 | volume=4 | title=Short history of malaria and its eradication in Italy with short notes on the fight against the infection in the mediterranean basin | year=2012 | journal=Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis | page=e2012016 | author=Majori, G| issue=1 }}</ref> From 1918 to 1940, government figures show Italy's malaria deaths decreased by 96%, due to the efforts of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and Italy's own malaria experts, who themselves were international leaders in [[malariology]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://rockarch.org/publications/resrep/hall.pdf | title=Today Sardinia, Tomorrow the World: Malaria, the Rockefeller Foundation, and Mosquito Eradication | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617153350/http://www.rockarch.org/publications/resrep/hall.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-17}}</ref>

During the late 19th century, Trento and [[Trieste]], cities with ethnic Italian majorities still belonging to the Austrians, became icons of the Italian [[irredentist]] movement.{{cn|date=December 2022}} [[Benito Mussolini]] briefly joined the staff of a local newspaper in 1909, but left Trento because they could not create an anti-Austrian group. There was dissatisfaction with the lack of provincial autonomy and the failure to establish a university for the region. Feelings of loyalty were focused on the 'father-figure' emperor, not for Austria.  
[[File:Il Mausoleo di Cesare Battisti, a Trento.jpg|left|thumb|Mausoleum of [[Cesare Battisti (politician)|Cesare Battisti]]]]
The nationalist cause led Italy into [[World War I]]. {{Interlanguage link|Damiano Chiesa|it}} and the deputy in the Austrian parliament [[Cesare Battisti (politician)|Cesare Battisti]] were two well-known local irredentists who had joined the [[Royal Italian Army|Italian Army]] to fight against Austria-Hungary with the aim of bringing the territory of Trento into the new [[Kingdom of Italy]]. The two men were taken prisoners at the nearby southern front. They were put on trial for high treason and executed in the courtyard of [[Castello del Buonconsiglio]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

The region was greatly affected during the war, and some of its fiercest battles were fought on the surrounding mountains in the southernmost regions and the southeast. Of a population of just less than 400,000 in the province, 55,000 men served in the Imperial and Royal Army of whom 11,000 died.{{cn|date=November 2022}} Most served on the Galician front; 700 served with the Italian Army. After [[World War I]], Trento and its Italian-speaking province, along with [[Bolzano]] (Bozen) and the part of Tyrol that stretched south of the Alpine watershed (which was primarily [[German language|German]]-speaking, as still is to this day), were annexed by Italy.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

In July 1943 Mussolini was removed as Prime Minister when the allies invaded Sicily. [[Italy surrendered to the Allies]], and declared war on Germany. German troops promptly invaded northern Italy and the provinces of Trento, [[Province of Belluno|Belluno]] and [[South Tyrol]] became part of the [[Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills]], annexed to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. Some German-speakers wanted revenge upon Italian-speakers living in the area, but were mostly prevented by the occupying German troops, who still considered Mussolini head of the [[Italian Social Republic]] and wanted to preserve good relations with the Italians.{{cn|date=December 2022}} From November 1944 to April 1945, Trento was bombed as part of the so-called "Battle of the Brenner". War supplies from Germany to support the [[Gothic Line]] were for the most part routed via the rail line through the Brenner Pass. Over 6,849 sorties were flown by the Allies over targets from [[Verona]] to the [[Brenner Pass]], with 10,267 tons of bombs dropped. Parts of the city were hit by the Allied bombings, including the church of S. Maria Maggiore, the Church of the Annunciation and several bridges over the [[Adige]] river. In spite of the bombings, most of the medieval and renaissance city center was spared. It was finally liberated on 3 May 1945.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

In 1947, Trento became the host of the [[Rally Stella Alpina]].

Since the 1950s, the region has enjoyed prosperous growth, thanks in part to its special autonomy from the central Italian government.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

On 4 August 2015, the cathedral tower caught fire by "spontaneous combustion". The clock stopped at 10:50 AM, a matter of minutes after the fire began.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

In 2020, Trento was listed as the most sustainable city in Italy, according to the [[Smart City Index]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartgreenpost.com/2020/03/03/smart-city-index-2020-trento-is-the-most-sustainable-city-in-italy/|title=Smart City Index 2020, Trento is the most sustainable city in Italy {{!}} SmartGreen Post {{!}} news from the environment|last=Vincenti|first=Piera|date=3 March 2020|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref>