Editing Transport in Vietnam (section)

==Road transport==
[[File:QL4E - Lao Cai to Pho Lu - P1380570.JPG|thumb|right|National Road 4E [[milestone]]]]
[[File:Van Yen District - Hwy DT163 - P1380759.JPG|thumb|right|[[Yên Bái province|Yên Bái]] Provincial Road 163 milestone]]
The total length of the Vietnamese road system is about 222,179&nbsp;km with 19.0% paved, mainly national roads and provincial roads (source: Vietnam Road Administration, 2004). The national road system length is 17,295&nbsp;km with 27.6% of its length paved. The provincial road system is 27,762&nbsp;km of length with 23.6% paved. The road network is relatively well developed, but in poor condition.<ref name="LitvackLitvack1999">{{cite book|author1=Jennie Litvack|author2=Jennie Ilene Litvack|author3=Dennis A. Rondinelli|title=Market Reform in Vietnam: Building Institutions for Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AePZ7ATPt4C&pg=PA50|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-56720-288-5|pages=50}}</ref> Due to congestion and lack of safety, the average speed on the national roads is a mere {{convert|50|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="Vietnam2016">{{cite book|author1=World Bank Group|author2=Ministry of Planning and Investment of Vietnam|title=Vietnam 2035: Toward Prosperity, Creativity, Equity, and Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfWHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT257|date=7 November 2016|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-1-4648-0825-8|page=257}}</ref>

Road financing comes from a number of sources including the government, overseas donors such as the ADB, WB, JBIC and business organizations. Road investment recovery is mainly through tolls collected on bridges and roads, in accordance with laws mentioned above.

Vietnam's road system is classified according to the administrative hierarchy. Each classification is assigned a milestone color and [[Road designation or abbreviation|abbreviation]].

* National roads ({{lang|vi|quốc lộ}}, abbreviated QL) are administered by the central government. They are marked by white milestones with red tops.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=195–200|loc=appendix I}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Các loại biển báo giao thông|trans-title=Types of traffic signs|publisher=Vietnam Expressway Services Engineering Joint Stock Company|date=27 May 2014|access-date=18 April 2018|url=http://www.vece.com.vn/duongcaotoc/category/1167|language=vi}}</ref> On [[Direction, position, or indication sign|direction sign]]s, they were historically denoted by white on blue markers, but since 2015 are denoted by black on white markers.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=331–334|loc=appendix O}}{{sfn|83:2015/BGTVT|loc=appendix 4}}
** Expressways or freeways ({{lang|vi|đường cao tốc}}, CT) are denoted by black on yellow markers on direction signs. Guide signs along expressways are green, in contrast to the blue guide signs along surface roads.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=331–334|loc=appendix O}}{{sfn|83:2015/BGTVT|loc=appendix 4}}
* Provincial roads ({{lang|vi|tỉnh lộ}} or {{lang|vi|đường tỉnh}}, TL or ĐT) are managed by provinces. They are marked by white milestones with [[Blue–green distinction in language#Vietnamese|blue or green]] tops.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=195–200|loc=appendix I}} On direction signs, they are denoted by black on white markers.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=331–334|loc=appendix O}}{{sfn|83:2015/BGTVT|loc=appendix 4}}
* District roads ({{lang|vi|hương lộ}} or {{lang|vi|đường huyện}}, HL or ĐH) are managed by [[Huyện|rural district]]s. They are marked by white milestones with brown tops.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=195–200|loc=appendix I}}
* Commune roads ({{lang|vi|đường xã}}, ĐX) are managed by communes.
* Urban roads ({{lang|vi|đường đô thị}}, ĐĐT) are managed by cities and towns.
* Certain service roads ({{lang|vi|đường chuyên dùng}}, ĐCD) may be marked by white milestones with yellow tops.{{sfn|41:2016/BGTVT|pp=195–200|loc=appendix I}}

{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| <strong>National roads</strong>
|-
| 
*[[National Route 1 (Vietnam)|National Route 1A]]: [[Huu Nghi Quan Border Gate]] ([[Lạng Sơn province|Lạng Sơn]]) – [[Cà Mau province]]
*[[National Route 1B (Vietnam)|National Route 1B]]: [[Thái Nguyên]] – [[Lạng Sơn province]]
*[[National Route 1C (Vietnam)|National Route 1C]]: [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]]
*[[National Route 1D (Vietnam)|National Route 1D]]: [[Qui Nhơn]] – [[Sông Cầu]]
*National Route 1K: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Biên Hòa]]
*National Route 2A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Hà Giang province|Hà Giang]] (border checkpoint Thanh Thuy)
*National Route 2B: [[Vĩnh Phúc]]
*National Route 2C: [[Hanoi]] – [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]]
*National Route 2D: [[Vĩnh Phúc]] – [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]]
*National Route 3A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Cao Bằng province|Cao Bằng]] (border checkpoint Ta Lung)
*National Route 3B: [[Bắc Kạn]] – [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]]
*National Route 3C: [[Thái Nguyên]] – [[Bắc Kạn]]
*National Route 3E: [[Lạng Sơn]]
*National Route 4 (Ring road 1): 4A ([[Lạng Sơn]] – [[Cao Bằng]]), 4B ([[Quảng Ninh]] – [[Lạng Sơn]]), 4C ([[Hà Giang province|Hà Giang]]), 4D ([[Lào Cai province|Lào Cai]] – [[Lai Châu]]), 4H ([[Điện Biên province|Điện Biên]])
*National Route 4E: [[Lào Cai province|Lào Cai]]
*National Route 4G: [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 5A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Haiphong]]
*National Route 5C: [[Haiphong]]
*National Route 6A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Điện Biên]]
*National Route 6B: [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*[[National Route 7 (Vietnam)|National Route 7A]]: [[Nghệ An province|Nghệ An]]
*National Route 7B: [[Nghệ An province|Nghệ An]]
*[[National Route 8 (Vietnam)|National Route 8A]]: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*National Route 8B: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*[[National Route 9 (Vietnam)|National Route 9]]: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 9A: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 9B: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 9C: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 9D: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 9E: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 9G: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 10: [[Quảng Ninh]] – [[Thanh Hóa]] 
*National Route 12: [[Điện Biên]] – [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]] (border checkpoint Ma Lu Thang)
*National Route 12A: [[Quảng Bình province|Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 12B: [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]] – [[Hòa Bình province|Hòa Bình]]
*National Route 12C: Sơn Dương – Vũng Áng Port – [[Quảng Bình province]]
*[[National Route 13 (Vietnam)|National Route 13]]: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Bình Phước]] (border checkpoint Hoa Lư)
*[[National Route 14 (Vietnam)|National Route 14A]]: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]] – [[Bình Phước]]
*National Route 14B: [[Da Nang]] – [[Quảng Nam]]
*National Route 14C: [[Gia Lai]] – [[Đắk Nông province]]
*National Route 14D: [[Quảng Nam province|Quảng Nam]]
*National Route 14E: [[Quảng Nam province|Quảng Nam]]
*National Route 14G: [[Quảng Nam province|Quảng Nam]] – [[Da Nang]]
*National Route 15: Đồng Nai
*National Route 15A: [[Hòa Bình province|Hòa Bình]] – [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 15B: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*National Route 15C: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 15D: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 16: [[Quảng Bình]]
*National Route 17: [[Hanoi]] – [[Thái Nguyên]]
*National Route 17B: [[Quảng Ninh]] – [[Haiphong]]
*National Route 18: [[Hanoi]] – [[Quảng Ninh]] (border checkpoint Mong Cai)
*National Route 18C: [[Quảng Ninh province|Quảng Ninh]]
*[[National Route 19 (Vietnam)|National Route 19A]]: [[Bình Định province|Bình Định]] – [[Gia Lai]]
*National Route 19B: [[Bình Định province|Bình Định]]
*National Route 19C: [[Bình Định province|Bình Định]] – [[Đắk Lắk province|Đắk Lắk]]
*[[National Route 20 (Vietnam)|National Route 20]]: [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]] – [[Lâm Đồng]]
*National Route 21A: [[Hanoi]] – [[Nam Định province|Nam Định]]
*National Route 21B: [[Hanoi]] – [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
*National Route 21C: [[Hanoi]] – [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
*[[National Route 22 (Vietnam)|National Route 22A]]: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Tây Ninh province|Tây Ninh]] (border checkpoint Moc Bai)
*National Route 22B: [[Tây Ninh province|Tây Ninh]]
*National Route 23: [[Hanoi]] – [[Vĩnh Phúc]]
*National Route 24A: [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]] – [[Kon Tum]]
*National Route 24B: [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]]
*National Route 24C: [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]]
*[[National Route 25 (Vietnam)|National Route 25]]: [[Phú Yên]] – [[Gia Lai]]
*National Route 26A: [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]] – [[Đắk Lắk province|Đắk Lắk]]
*National Route 26B: [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]]
*National Route 27A: [[Ninh Thuận province|Ninh Thuận]] – [[Đắk Lắk province|Đắk Lắk]]
*National Route 27B: [[Ninh Thuận province|Ninh Thuận]] – [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]]
*National Route 27C: [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]] – [[Lâm Đồng]]
*National Route 28A: [[Bình Thuận province|Bình Thuận]] – [[Đắk Nông province]]
*National Route 28B: [[Bình Thuận province|Bình Thuận]] – [[Lâm Đồng]]
*National Route 29: [[Phú Yên province]] – [[Đắk Lắk province]]
*[[National Route 30 (Vietnam)|National Route 30]]: [[Tiền Giang]] – [[Đồng Tháp]]
*National Route 31: [[Bắc Giang]] – [[Lạng Sơn province|Lạng Sơn]]
*National Route 32: [[Hanoi]] – [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]]
*National Route 32B: [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] – [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 32C: [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] – [[Yên Bái province|Yên Bái]]
*National Route 34: [[Cao Bằng province|Cao Bằng]] – [[Hà Giang province|Hà Giang]]
*National Route 35: [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
*National Route 36: [[Nghệ An province|Nghệ An]] – [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 37A: [[Thái Bình province|Thái Bình]] – [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 37B: [[Thái Bình province]] – [[Hà Nam]]
*National Route 37C: [[Nam Định province]] – [[Hòa Bình province|Hòa Bình]]
*National Route 38A: [[Bắc Ninh]] – [[Hà Nam]]
*National Route 38B: [[Hải Dương]] – [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
*National Route 39A: [[Hưng Yên province]] – [[Thái Bình province]]
*National Route 39B: [[Hưng Yên]] – [[Thái Bình province]]
*National Route 40A: [[Kon Tum province|Kon Tum]]
*National Route 40B: [[Quảng Nam province|Quảng Nam]] – [[Kon Tum province|Kon Tum]]
*National Route 43: [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 45: [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]] – [[Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 46A: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 46B: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 46C: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 47: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 47B: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 47C: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 48A: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 48B: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 48C: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 48D: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 48E: [[Nghệ An]]
*National Route 49A: [[Huế]]
*National Route 49B: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]] – [[Huế]]
*National Route 49C: [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
*National Route 50: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Tiền Giang]]
*[[National Route 51 (Vietnam)|National Route 51]]: [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]] – [[Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]
*[[Hà Nội Highway|National Route 52]]: [[Ho Chi Minh City]] – [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]]
*National Route 53: [[Vĩnh Long]] – [[Trà Vinh province|Trà Vinh]]
*National Route 54: [[Đồng Tháp]] – [[Trà Vinh]]
*National Route 55A: [[Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]] – [[Lâm Đồng]]
*National Route 55B: [[Bình Thuận province|Bình Thuận]]
*National Route 56: [[Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]] – [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]]
*National Route 56B: [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]] – [[Tây Ninh province|Tây Ninh]]
*National Route 57A: [[Bến Tre province|Bến Tre]] – [[Vĩnh Long province|Vĩnh Long]]
*National Route 57B: [[Bến Tre province|Bến Tre]]
*National Route 57C: [[Bến Tre province|Bến Tre]]
*National Route 60: [[Tiền Giang]] – [[Sóc Trăng]]
*National Route 61A: [[Hậu Giang province|Hậu Giang]] – [[Kiên Giang]]
*National Route 61B: [[Hậu Giang province|Hậu Giang]] – [[Sóc Trăng]]
*National Route 61C: [[Cần Thơ]] – [[Hậu Giang province|Hậu Giang]]
*National Route 62: [[Long An province|Long An]]
*National Route 63: [[Kiên Giang]] – [[Cà Mau]]
*National Route 70A: [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] – [[Lào Cai]]
*National Route 70B: [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] – [[Hòa Bình province|Hòa Bình]]
*National Route 71: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*National Route 80: [[Vĩnh Long]] – [[Kiên Giang]]
*[[National Route 91 (Vietnam)|National Route 91A]]: [[Cần Thơ]] – [[An Giang]]
*National Route 91B: [[Cần Thơ]]
*National Route 91C: [[Cần Thơ]] – [[Bạc Liêu province|Bạc Liêu]]
*National Route 100: [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]]
*National Route 217: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 217B: [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]]
*National Route 279: [[Quảng Ninh]] – [[Điện Biên]] (border checkpoint Tay Trang)
*National Route 279D: [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]] – [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
*National Route 280: [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]] – [[Hà Giang province|Hà Giang]]
*National Route 281: [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]]
*National Route N1: [[Long An province|Long An]] – [[Kiên Giang]]
*National Route N2: [[Bình Dương province|Bình Dương]] – [[Kiên Giang]]
*[[Ho Chi Minh Highway]]: [[Cao Bằng province|Cao Bằng]] – [[Cà Mau province|Cà Mau]]
*Quan Lo – Phung Hiep Highway: [[Hậu Giang province|Hậu Giang]] – [[Cà Mau]]
|}

===Expressways===
[[File:Cao toc Cau Gie Ninh Binh.JPG|thumb|North–South Expressway near [[Ninh Bình]]]]
{{main|Expressways of Vietnam}}
Expressways are a rather new concept for Vietnam. Traffic is growing rapidly but the major roads are dangerous due to inappropriate design and an inappropriate traffic mix. Expressways would solve these problems along the key corridors, by separating high speed traffic from slower, local traffic.

Vietnam currently recognizes two classes of expressway. Both have a minimum of two lanes in each direction, but Class A has grade separated interchanges, while Class B has at-grade intersections. There are 4 design-speed categories: 60, 80, 100 and 120&nbsp;km/h.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LawNet |title=Law No. 23/2008/QH12 of November 13, 2008, on road traffic Luật 23 2008,23/2008/QH12 |url=https://lawnet.vn/en/vb/23-2008-QH12-159C0.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Law No. 23/2008/QH12 of November 13, 2008, on road traffic - LawNet |language=en}}</ref> Generally all cars, buses and trucks are permitted on the expressway but ''công nông'' (agricultural vehicles) and all types of motorcycles are not.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tuoitrenews.vn/society/26332/motorbikes-entering-expressway-in-vietnam-could-be-confiscated|title=Motorbikes entering expressways in Vietnam could be confiscated|date=27 February 2015|publisher=Tuổi Trẻ News}}</ref>

===Road vehicles===
;Motorbikes
Vietnam is renowned for its motorbike culture. In 1995, over 90% of trips in both Hanoi and Saigon were done by motorcycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/paper/pdf/rp04_e.pdf|title=Urban Public Transportation in Viet Nam|date=December 1999 |publisher=Research Institute for Development and Finance Japan Bank for International Cooperation}}</ref> In 2017, 79% of Vietnamese reported using a motorbike regularly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://daliaresearch.com/blog-the-top-5-cycling-motorcycling-countries-in-the-world/|title=The Top 5 Cycling & Motorcycling Countries in the World – Dalia Research|date=23 May 2017|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428003717/https://daliaresearch.com/blog-the-top-5-cycling-motorcycling-countries-in-the-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref> With 45 million registered motorbikes on a 92 million population headcount, Vietnam has one of the highest motorbike ownership rates worldwide.<ref name=vnexpress>{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/vietnam-remains-kingdom-of-motorbikes-as-sales-rev-up-in-2016-3527969.html|title=Vietnam remains kingdom of motorbikes as sales rev up in 2016 - VnExpress International|last=VnExpress}}</ref> Vietnam is the 4th largest market for motorbike sales, after China, India and Indonesia.<ref name=vnexpress/> 87% of Vietnamese households own a motorbike, a number only surpassed by Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/516704/share-of-households-that-own-a-motorcycle-by-country/|title=Motorcycle ownership by household - by country 2014 - Statistic|website=Statista}}</ref>

In recent years, the government has expressed the desire to reduce the number of motorbikes in an effort to curb congestion.<ref name=vnexpress/>

;Cars
As of 2015, 2 million passenger cars were registered.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam: passenger cars in use 2015|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/596551/passenger-cars-in-use-vietnam/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Statista}}</ref>

Car prices are kept high by import taxes and sales tax, which put Vietnam as one of the most expensive countries to buy a car, with up to 2 or 3 times the final price consisting of taxes and fees.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-25|title=Challenge an inevitable reality in emerging Myanmar|url=http://b1.tuoitrenews.vn/news/features/20130625/challenge-an-inevitable-reality-in-emerging-myanmar/22050.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Tuổi Trẻ News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How expensive are cars in Vietnam? – News VietNamNet|url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/business/180001/how-expensive-are-cars-in-vietnam-.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=english.vietnamnet.vn|archive-date=2022-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122110447/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/business/180001/how-expensive-are-cars-in-vietnam-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, a [[Lexus LX]] was priced at 7.3 billion VND (US$315,000),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Car Taxes in Vietnam Are Going up Again {{!}} Saigoneer|url=https://saigoneer.com/vietnam-news/6984-car-taxes-in-vietnam-are-going-up-again|access-date=2021-04-16|website=saigoneer.com-gb}}</ref> a [[Toyota Innova]] at 800 million VND (US$35,000),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toyotatancang.com.vn/toyota-price/price-toyota-innova.html |title=Price toyota innova |access-date=2018-05-08 |archive-date=2019-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803121911/http://www.toyotatancang.com.vn/toyota-price/price-toyota-innova.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite this, car sales are growing at double digit rates each year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davisbrett/2016/02/12/vietnam-gets-behind-the-wheel-as-car-ownership-soars/#1e2178603dcb | title=Vietnam Gets Behind the Wheel as Car Ownership Soars | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref>