Editing Transport in Singapore (section)

==Road transport==
===Buses===
{{Main|Public buses of Singapore}}
{{see also|Bus contracting model of Singapore}}
[[File:SG6227L on 114 (MAN A95 ND323F Euro 6 Batch 5).jpg|thumb|New public buses in Singapore are painted lush green for easier identification.]]

Bus transport forms a significant part of public transport in Singapore, with over 4.0 million rides taken per day on average as of 2019.<ref name="ridership_2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/bus-train-ridership-rises-to-new-high|title=Bus, train ridership rises to new high|date=13 February 2020|website=The Straits Times|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> There are more than 365 scheduled bus services, operated by [[SBS Transit]], [[SMRT Buses]], [[Tower Transit Singapore]] and [[Go-Ahead Singapore]]. There are also around 5,800 buses, most of which are [[Single-deck bus|single-deck]] and [[Double-deck bus|double-deck]], and a small minority of [[articulated buses]] and minibuses currently in active passenger service.

Since 2016, the Land Transport Authority regulates the public bus service standards and owns relevant assets whereas bus operators bid for operating bus services via competitive tendering, under its [[Bus contracting model of Singapore|Bus Contracting Model]].

===Taxis and PHVs===
{{Main|Taxis of Singapore}}
[[File:Toyota Prius XW60 Singapore Taxi.jpg|thumb|A Toyota Prius taxi operated by ComfortDelgro]]

[[Taxi]]s and [[vehicle for hire|private hire vehicle]]s (PHV) are a popular form of transport, with fares considered low compared to those in most cities in developed countries. Starting rates were $3.20 - $3.90. As of March 2019, the taxi and private hire car population has been increased to 83,037.

In Singapore, [[Taxi|taxis]] can be flagged down at any time of the day along any public road outside of the [[Downtown Core|Central Business District]] (CBD), while [[Vehicle for hire|private hire cars]] can only be booked via [[Ridesharing company|ridesharing apps]].

===Private cars===
As of 2018, there was a total of 957,006 motor vehicles in Singapore, with 509,302 of them being private cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicationsResearch/files/FactsandFigures/MVP01-1_MVP_by_type.pdf|title=Annual Vehicle Statistics 2018: MOTOR VEHICLE POPULATION BY VEHICLE TYPE|publisher=Land Transport Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119121449/https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicationsResearch/files/FactsandFigures/MVP01-1_MVP_by_type.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2017|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>

Private transport (cars, motorcycles, commercial vehicles) is less commonly used as due to limited land space of the country. The [[Land Transport Authority]] (LTA) has limited and controlled the population of privately owned vehicles in the country through the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) ownership market-based license auctions since 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=How the COE system went from managing rapid vehicle growth to hitting record premiums |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/coe-quota-policy-cars-vehicles-history-record-prices-2843996 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref> As a result, private vehicles are prohibitively expensive and Singapore is known to be most expensive country in the world to own a car.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ho |first=Timothy |date=2022-04-11 |title=An Explanation On Why Cars In Singapore Are So Expensive |url=https://dollarsandsense.sg/no-nonsense-explanation-on-why-cars-in-singapore-are-so-expensive/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=DollarsAndSense.sg |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=January 2022 |title=Why are cars so expensive in Singapore? |url=https://www.budgetdirect.com.sg/car-insurance/research/why-are-cars-so-expensive-in-singapore |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Budget Direct Insurance}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-05 |title=Cost of car ownership soars in Singapore |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67014420 |access-date=2023-10-06}}</ref> Prospective private vehicle owners are required to place a bid for a [[Certificate of Entitlement]] (COE) sold under auction (valid for ten years, as of May 2024;<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=COE prices for smaller cars dip to $92,700, premiums for bigger cars inch up to $105,689 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/coe-prices-for-smaller-cars-dip-to-92700-premiums-for-bigger-cars-inch-up-to-105689 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Straits Times |date=23 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> COEs are priced at more than S$92,700 for CAT A cars [below 97bhp], S$105,689 for bigger CAT B cars [above 97bhp], S$72,001 for prospective commercial vehicle owners and more than S$9,311 for prospective motorcycle owners) and pay the Additional Registration Fee (ARF) tax imposed at 100-320% of the open market value (OMV) of the vehicle, among other fees.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeoh |first=Grace |date=2023-02-14 |title=Budget 2023: Higher additional registration fees, cap on rebates for luxury car owners |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/budget-2023-car-tax-arf-parf-omv-coe-3277081 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=[[CNA (TV network)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=cue |date=2023-02-14 |title=Budget 2023: Tax for higher-end cars to rise again; ARF to go up from 220% to 320% {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/budget-2023-tax-for-higher-end-cars-to-rise-again |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> As a result of the aforementioned taxes, on-the-road car prices in Singapore are approximately five times the on-the-road car prices in Western countries.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

===Roads and expressways===
{{Main|Driving in Singapore|Expressways of Singapore}}
[[File:Expressway in Singapore.jpg|thumb|A section of [[Seletar Expressway]]]]

Singapore pioneered [[congestion pricing]] (the market-based usage management of public roads to reduce congestion at specific times within the city centre and certain expressways), with the [[Singapore Area Licensing Scheme]], which has since been replaced with the [[Electronic Road Pricing]], a form of [[electronic toll collection]].

* Total length of expressways: 164&nbsp;km
* Total length of major arterial roads: 576&nbsp;km
* Total length of collector roads: 704&nbsp;km
* Total length of local access roads: 2056&nbsp;km (as of 2017)<ref name="Facts">{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.sg/dataset/length-of-road-maintained-by-lta?resource_id=adcf420f-4f4e-4995-9cdf-e910b45a3bc2|title=Length of Roads Maintained by LTA|date=2018-04-06|work=Land Transport Authority|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref>

Traffic [[Right- and left-hand traffic|drives on the left]] which is typical in [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries.

[[File:Expressways and Semi-expressways of Singapore 2012.png|thumb|All expressways, plus the semi-expressways in Singapore]]

The planning, construction and maintenance of the road network is fully conducted by the [[Land Transport Authority]] (LTA), and this extends to expressways in Singapore. These form key transport arteries between the distinct towns and [[regional centre (Singapore)|regional centres]] as laid out in [[urban planning in Singapore|Singapore's urban planning]], with the main purpose of allowing vehicles to travel from satellite towns to the city centre and vice versa in the shortest possible distance. These expressways include:
* [[Ayer Rajah Expressway]] (AYE)
* [[Bukit Timah Expressway]] (BKE)
* [[Central Expressway, Singapore|Central Expressway]] (CTE)
* [[East Coast Parkway]] (ECP)
* [[Marina Coastal Expressway]] (MCE)
* [[Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway]] (KPE)
* [[Kranji Expressway]] (KJE)
* [[Pan Island Expressway]] (PIE)
* [[Seletar Expressway]] (SLE)
* [[Tampines Expressway]] (TPE)
* [[North–South Corridor, Singapore|North–South Corridor]] (scheduled opening in 2027)

The influence of expressways on Singapore's transport policy developed shortly after independence during the [[history of Singapore]] because of frequent [[traffic congestion]] in the Central district. The aim was to encourage residential development in other parts of the island and give residents in these new "satellite towns" a convenient link between their homes and their workplaces (which were mostly situated around the city centre).<ref>A redBus <nowiki>''</nowiki>[https://www.redbus.sg/travels/operators-directory Guide for navigating singapore<nowiki>''</nowiki>]  ''Land Transport Authority, Singapore''. Retrieved 14 December 2024</ref>

===Causeway and link bridge===
[[File:Malaysia-Singapore Second Link Linkedua.jpg|thumb|Tuas Second Link]]

Singapore has two land links to [[Malaysia]]. The [[Johor-Singapore Causeway]], built in the 1920s to connect [[Johor Bahru]] in [[Johor]], Malaysia to [[Woodlands, Singapore|Woodlands]] in Singapore, carries a road and a railway line. The [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link|Tuas Second Link]], a bridge further west, was completed in 1996 and links [[Tuas]] in Singapore to [[Tanjung Kupang]] in Johor.

===Trishaws===
Before World War II, [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaws]] were an important part of urban public transportation. In 1947 they were banned on humanitarian grounds, and replaced by [[Cycle rickshaw|trishaws]] (cycle rickshaws).<ref>{{cite web|title=Infopedia: Rickshaw|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_947_2005-01-25.html|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref>

Usage of [[trishaw]]s as a means of transportation had died out by 1983.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lim|first1=Jason|title=A Slow Ride into the Past: The Chinese Trishaw Industry in Singapore, 1942-1983|year=2012|publisher=Monash University Publishing |isbn=978-1921867385}}</ref> Some trishaws then served as tourist attractions, taking tourists for a ride around the downtown district. Individual trishaw rider licenses were last issued in 2001, while the last licensed operator of trishaw tours, Trishaw Uncle, ended its contract with the [[Singapore Tourism Board]] at the end of May 2023. As of April 2024, there are no commercial trishaw services operating in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Chong Ming |title=From their heyday in the 1940s to their demise: The end of trishaws in Singapore |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/trishaws-singapore-origins-history-timeline-transport-decline-4260826 |website=CNA |publisher=MediaCorp |access-date=15 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tham |first1=Davina |title=Loss of trishaw tours in Singapore linked to road development plans, waning demand |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/no-more-trishaw-ride-tour-albert-street-tourism-demand-road-development-4277711 |website=CNA |access-date=5 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>