Editing Transparency International (section)

==History==

Transparency International was founded on 9 February 1993 in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]; it was formally registered on 15 June 1993 in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]. According to political scientist Ellen Gutterman, "TI's presence in Germany, and indeed its organizational development and rise from a small operation to a prominent international [[Transnational organization|TNGO]] [Transnational Non Governmental Organisation], benefited from the activities and personal connections of at least three key German individuals: [[Peter Eigen]], Hansjoerg Elshorst, and Michael Wiehen".<ref name="gutterman">{{cite journal|url=http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2012/Gutterman2.pdf|title=The Legitimacy of Transnational NGOs: Lessons from the Experience of Transparency International in Germany and France (PDF)|journal=Paper Submitted to the 84th Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association |author=Ellen Gutterman |date=June 2012}}</ref>

The founding members included:<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005154/http://www.iaaca.org/AntiCorruptionAuthorities/ByInternationalOrganizations/NonGovernmentalOrganization/201202/t20120220_807871.shtml Transparency International（TI）]}}, International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</ref><ref name=Larmour>{{cite book | first=Peter | last=Larmour | editor1-first=Brett |editor1-last=Bowden | title=Global standards of market civilization | publisher=Routledge |date=September 2006 | pages=95–106 |isbn=0-415-37545-2}}</ref>

*[[Peter Eigen]], a former regional director for the [[World Bank]], is recognized as a founder.<ref name="gutterman"/> 
*Peter Conze, a former regional director of GTZ (then [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]])
*Laurence Cockcroft
*Fritz Heimann of [[General Electric]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://groups.colgate.edu/cews/people/bios_old/heimann.htm|title=CEWS - Panelist Biographies - Butler|access-date=16 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117013913/http://groups.colgate.edu/cews/people/bios_old/heimann.htm|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> 
*[[Michael J. Hershman]] of the U.S. [[military intelligence]] establishment (now President and CEO of the Fairfax Group).<ref name="fairfax">{{cite web|url=http://www.fairfaxgroup.us/bio_hershman.php|title=Senior Division Leaders: Michael J. Hershman|website=Fairfax Group|access-date=2015-10-10|archive-date=2015-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814064313/http://fairfaxgroup.us/bio_hershman.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Kamal Hossain]], former Minister of Foreign Affairs of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="transparency">{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/whoweare/organisation/advisory_council/0/|title=Advisory Council|website=Transparency.org|access-date=2015-10-10|archive-date=2015-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102145920/http://www.transparency.org/whoweare/organisation/advisory_council/0/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Gerald Parfitt, formerly of [[Coopers & Lybrand]] (then [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]]) in [[Ukraine]].<ref name="gdf">{{Cite web|url=https://groupdf.com/en/o-kompanii-angl/korporativnoe-upravlenie-ang/the-audit-committee/dzherald-parfitt/|title=Gerald Parfitt|website=Group DF}}</ref>
*[[Jeremy Pope (activist)|Jeremy Pope]], a New Zealand activist and writer.<ref>{{cite web | first=Bill | last=Hicks | title=Transparency International | publisher=Pinkindustry.com | year=2010 | url=https://pinkindustry.wordpress.com/transparency-international/}}</ref>
*Roy Stacy
*Frank Vogl, a senior official at the [[World Bank]] and head of Vogl Communications, Inc., which has "provided advice to leaders of international finance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/frank-vogl/|title=Frank Vogl - The Huffington Post|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref>
In 1995, TI developed the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). The CPI ranked nations on the prevalence of corruption within each country, based upon surveys of business people. The CPI was subsequently published annually. It was initially criticized for poor methodology and unfair treatment of developing nations, while also being praised for highlighting corruption and embarrassing governments.<ref name=Chaikin>{{cite book | first=David | last=Chaikin | title=Corruption and money laundering: a symbiotic relationship | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=June 2009 | pages=12–13 | isbn=978-0-230-61360-7}}</ref>

Starting in 1999 and ending in 2011, TI published the [[Bribe Payers Index]] (BPI) which ranked nations according to the perceived likelihood that a country's [[multinational corporations]] would offer bribes.<ref name=Chaikin/> Spokesperson Shubham Kaushik said the organization "decided to discontinue the survey due to funding issues and to focus on issues that are more in line with our advocacy goals".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Old Wall Street Journal report about corruption in Malaysia recirculates online |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.32EG28Z |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Fact Check |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Journal of Business Ethics]]'' states "Bribery in international business transactions can be seen as a function of not only the demand for such bribes in different countries, but the supply, or willingness to provide bribes by multinational firms and their representatives. This study addresses the propensity of firms from 30 different countries to engage in international bribery".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baughn |first1=Christopher |last2=Bodie |first2=Nancy L. |last3=Buchanan |first3=Mark A. |last4=Bixby |first4=Michael B. |date=2010 |title=Bribery in International Business Transactions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25621541 |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1007/s10551-009-0136-7 |jstor=25621541 |s2cid=154833690 |issn=0167-4544}}</ref>

Since 2005, TI has published thirteen Exporting Corruption reports. Exporting Corruption is a research report that rates the bribery-related performance of leading global exporters, including countries that are signatories of [[OECD Anti-Bribery Convention]].<ref name="transparency.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/projects/exporting-corruption|title=Exporting Corruption 2020 - Projects|website=Transparency.org|date=11 October 2022 }}</ref>

In April 2015 [[Russia|Russia's]] [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice]] added TI to the so-called list of [[Russian foreign agent law|"foreign agents"]].<ref>{{Cite news|lang=en|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-adds-transparency-internatuional-to-foreign-agents-list/26944865.html|title=Russia Adds Transparency International To Foreign Agents List|website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=8 April 2015 |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref> On 6 March 2023, TI was declared an [[Russian undesirable organizations law|undesirable organization]] in [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/03/06/russia-declares-transparency-international-undesirable_6018406_4.html|title=Russia declares Transparency International 'undesirable'|website=[[Le Monde]]|date=March 6, 2023|accessdate=March 6, 2023}}</ref>

Since 2023 TI partners with [[ChatBot]] and utilises [[artificial intelligence]] technology on its website to enhance its digital engagement and support transparency initiatives at scale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Transparency.org |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref>