Editing Total quality management (section)

==History==
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the developed countries of North America and Western Europe [[Early 1980s recession|suffered economically]] in the face of stiff competition from Japan's [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|ability to produce high-quality goods at competitive cost]]. For the first time since the start of the [[Industrial Revolution]], the United Kingdom became a net importer of finished goods.  The United States undertook its own soul-searching, expressed most pointedly in the television broadcast of ''[[If Japan Can... Why Can't We?]].''  Firms began reexamining the techniques of [[quality control]] invented over the past 50 years and how those techniques had been so successfully employed by the Japanese. It was in the midst of this economic turmoil that TQM took root.

The exact origin of the term "total quality management" is uncertain.<ref name="TTQMM">{{Citation | last1 = Martínez-Lorente | first1 = Angel R. | last2 = Dewhurst | first2 = Frank |author3=Dale, Barrie G. | year = 1998 | title = Total Quality Management: Origins and Evolution of the Term | magazine = The TQM Magazine | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | publisher = [[Emerald Group Publishing|MCB University Publishers Ltd]] | location = [[Bingley|Bingley, United Kingdom]] | pages = 378–386 | doi = 10.1108/09544789810231261 | hdl = 10317/441 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.574.2414 }}</ref>  It is almost certainly inspired by [[Armand V. Feigenbaum]]'s multi-edition book ''Total Quality Control'' ({{OCLC|299383303}}) and [[Kaoru Ishikawa]]'s ''What Is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way'' ({{OCLC|11467749}}).  It may have been first coined in the United Kingdom by the [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Department of Trade and Industry]] during its 1983 "National Quality Campaign".<ref name="TTQMM"/>  Or it may have been first coined in the United States by the [[Naval Air Systems Command]] to describe its quality-improvement efforts in 1985.<ref name="TTQMM"/>

===Development in the United States===
In the spring of 1984, an arm of the [[United States Navy]] asked some of its civilian researchers to assess [[statistical process control]] and the work of several prominent quality consultants and to make recommendations as to how to apply their approaches to improve the Navy's operational effectiveness.<ref name="Houston">{{Citation | last1 = Houston | first1 = Archester | last2 = Dockstader | first2 = Steven L. | year = 1997 | title = Total Quality Leadership: A Primer | publisher = [[United States Navy]] | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | pages = 10–11 | id = 97-02 | oclc = 38886868 | url = http://www.balancedscorecard.org/portals/0/pdf/primer.pdf | access-date = 2013-10-19}}</ref>  The recommendation was to adopt the teachings of [[W. Edwards Deming]].<ref name="Houston"/><ref name="NavyHQ">{{Citation | last1 = McDaniel | first1 = Delora M. | last2 = Doherty | first2 = Linda M. | date = February 1990 | title = Total Quality Management Case Study in a Navy Headquarters Organization | publisher = [[Bureau of Naval Personnel|Navy Personnel Research and Development Center]] | location = [[San Diego, California]] | page = 1 | id = NPRDC-TN-90-10 | oclc = 227755405 | url = http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA219412 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021041536/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA219412 | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 21, 2013 | access-date = 2013-10-20 | quote = Effective implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) to improve quality and productivity is based upon the philosophy and management principles of W. Edwards Deming. }}</ref>  The Navy branded the effort "Total Quality Management" in 1985.<ref name="Houston"/>{{refn|group=Note|The Navy rebranded its effort "Total Quality Leadership" in 1990.<ref name="Houston"/>}}

From the Navy, TQM spread throughout the US Federal Government, resulting in the following:
*The creation of the [[Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award]] in August 1987
*The creation of the Federal Quality Institute in June 1988
*The adoption of TQM by many elements of government and the armed forces, including the [[United States Department of Defense]],<ref name="USDODGuide">{{Citation | author = United States Department of Defense | year = 1989 | title = Total Quality Management: A Guide for Implementation | publisher = [[National Technical Information Service]] | location = [[Springfield, Virginia]] | id = DoD 5000.51-G | oclc = 21238720| author-link = United States Department of Defense }}</ref> [[United States Army]],<ref name="USArmy">{{Citation | date = 1992-06-12 | title = Total Army Quality Management | publisher = [[United States Army]] | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | id = Army Regulation 5–1 | url = http://www.apd.army.mil/jw2/xmldemo/r5_1/cover.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130225091527/http://www.apd.army.mil/jw2/xmldemo/r5_1/cover.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 25, 2013 | access-date = 2013-10-19}}</ref> and [[United States Coast Guard]]<ref name="USCGS">{{Citation | last = Nelson | first = Robert T. | date = 1991-01-10 | title = COAST GUARD TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) GENERIC ORGANIZATION | publisher = [[United States Coast Guard]] | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | id = COMDTINST 5224.7 | url = http://www.uscg.mil/directives/ci/5000-5999/CI_5224_7.pdf | access-date = 2013-10-19}}</ref>

The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US Environmental Protection Agency]]'s Underground Storage Tanks program, which was established in 1985, also employed Total Quality Management to develop its management style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/602BCE06FAFAB29B.pdf#page=6|title=Transcript of 'The Underground Storage Tank Program's Early Management Challenges' video|last=Brand|first=Ron|date=April 24, 2013|website=EPA Alumni Association|access-date=August 26, 2018}}</ref> The private sector followed suit, flocking to TQM principles not only as a means to recapture market share from the Japanese, but also to remain competitive when bidding for contracts from the Federal Government<ref>{{Citation | last = Creech | first = Bill | author-link = Wilbur L. Creech | year = 1994 | title = The Five Pillars of TQM: How to Make Total Quality Management Work for You | publisher = Truman Talley Books/Dutton | location = [[New York City|New York]] | page = [https://archive.org/details/fivepillarsoftqm00cree/page/153 153] | isbn = 9780525937258 | oclc = 28508067 | quote = ...the DOD took steps to extend its reach to the thousands of vendors who sell to the department...  Thus was born the DOD's TQM outreach program to all its vendors, large and small.  And the TQM banners went up all over America. | url = https://archive.org/details/fivepillarsoftqm00cree/page/153 }}</ref> since "total quality" requires involving suppliers, not just employees, in process improvement efforts.