Editing Tooele County, Utah (section)

==History==
{{See also|Goshute#Contact with Mormons}}
Evidence of several indigenous [[Native American (U.S.)|Native American]] groups has been found in Tooele County, but only the western [[Shoshone language|Shoshone]]-speaking [[Goshute]] tribe claim the desolate lands as their ancestral home. The Goshute's traditional territory includes most of modern Tooele County.

The Great Salt Lake Desert, which comprises much of the northern portion of the county, provided a major stumbling block for the ill-fated Donner-Reed Party in 1846. Its crusty sand slowed the group's wagons to such an extent that the group [[Donner Party#Great Salt Lake Desert|spent six days crossing its 80-mile length]], severely sapping the group's resources and leading to their eventual disaster.

In 1847, [[Mormon pioneers]] settled in the neighboring [[Salt Lake Valley]]. Initially, Tooele Valley was used as a major grazing ground for Mormon cattle owners from Salt Lake and Utah Valleys.<ref name=Compton>{{cite book|title=Becoming a "Messenger of Peace": Jacob Hamblin in Tooele|url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V42N01_13.pdf|author=Todd M. Compton|access-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042839/https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V42N01_13.pdf|archive-date=October 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|4}} In 1849 the first white settlers established permanent roots in the Tooele Valley. Building a [[Benson Grist Mill|saw mill]], the settlement was called [[E.T. City, Utah|E.T. City]] after LDS leader [[Ezra T. Benson|E.T. Benson]]. The territorial legislature first designated Tooele County&mdash;initially called "Tuilla"&mdash;on January 31, 1850, with significantly different boundaries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blanthorn |first=Ouida |title=A History of Tooele County |publisher=Utah State Historical Society |year=1998 |isbn=0-913738-44-1 |location=Salt Lake City |pages=69}}</ref> Its government was not organized at that time, and the area was attached to Salt Lake County for judicial and administrative purposes. It is speculated the name derives from a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] chief, but controversy exists about whether such a chief lived. Alternate explanations hypothesize that the name comes from "''tu-wanda''", the Goshute word for "[[bear]]", or from "''tule''", a [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word of [[Aztec]] origins meaning "[[Schoenoplectus|bulrush]]".

The Goshutes did not accept Mormon encroachment on their traditional homeland. The Mormons occupied the best camping sites near reliable springs, hunted in Goshute hunting grounds, and overgrazed the meadowland, leaving it unfit for sustaining the animals and plants used by the Goshutes. Mormons believed that Utah was a promised land given to them by God, and did not recognize any Goshute claim to the land.<ref name=Compton/>{{rp|5}} Goshutes began confiscating Mormon cattle that trespassed onto their property.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/american_indians/goshuteindians.html |title=Dennis R. Defa. ''Goshute Indians'' Utah History Encyclopedia, p. 228, (Allan Kent Powell ed., 1994) |access-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212092151/http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/american_indians/goshuteindians.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In response, the Mormons ordered their armies to kill the Goshutes. In 1850, they ambushed a Goshute village, but the Goshutes were able to defend themselves without casualties. Later that year, a contingent of at least 50 men attacked the Goshute camp, killing nine and suffering no casualties. In 1851, General [[Daniel H. Wells]] took 30 people prisoners. After they tried to escape, Wells executed them.<ref name=Compton/>{{rp|11–12}} Similar attacks occurred throughout the 1850s with Goshutes typically being on the losing side.

By June 10, 1851, the county government was organized. On that date the county attachment to Salt Lake County was terminated. By 1852, [[Grantsville, Utah|Grantsville]], Batesville, and [[Pine Canyon, Utah|Pine Canyon]] (later named Lincoln) were settled. <!-- Note, none of the non-linked cities have Wikipedia entries, so there's no need to test them -->

In 1855 the town of Richville was designated [[county seat]], but it soon became clear that [[Tooele, Utah|Tooele]] was much larger. In 1861 the territorial legislature allowed the county to select a new seat, and Tooele was selected.

In 1859 Robert B. Jarvis, a [[U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs]] representative, convinced some of the [[nomad]]ic bands to congregate at a [[farm]] reservation called Deep Creek. The results looked promising, but Jarvis' resignation in 1860 led support to disappear and the farm to be abandoned. Jarvis' replacement, Benjamin Davies, noted the Goshutes had lost faith in the federal government, and recommended limiting further encroachments on Goshute land, but his suggestions were largely ignored.

Twenty-two overland [[stagecoach]] outposts were built in Goshute territory, often on the sites of rare natural springs. Goshute attacks on mail outposts escalated in 1860, resulting in dozens of deaths in alternating waves of raids. At the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]], federal troops left the area leaving defense in the hands of the [[Nauvoo Legion]] until General [[Patrick Edward Connor|Patrick E. Connor]] arrived in [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]] from [[California]] in 1862.

Connor acted ruthlessly toward the natives. He killed over 300 Shoshone in Southern [[Idaho]] in 1863. Connor's men attacked Native American camps, sometimes indiscriminately, but through 1863 stage coach companies had lost 16 men and over 150 [[horse]]s to depredations. A peace treaty was signed in 1863 which included an [[Annuity (financial contracts)|annuity]] of goods and [[US dollar|US$]]1000 in compensation of killed game in exchange for an end to the hostilities, and use of routes through the natives' territories. The treaty did not cede Goshute control of land, but a follow-up agreement made in June 1865 did.

[[Image:Utah miners.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Minerals discovered in Tooele County led to a population boom.]]
General Connor, who was [[anti-Mormon]], also encouraged his troops to prospect for minerals. Connor believed that [[mining]] would bring non-Mormons to [[Utah Territory]]. After his men discovered [[gold]], [[silver]], [[lead]], and [[zinc]] deposits in Tooele County in 1864 he was proven right. The Rush Valley Mining District was established by soldiers in the western [[Oquirrh Mountains]] and more than 100 claims were staked in the first year. Two new mining towns, [[Ophir, Utah|Ophir]] and [[Mercur, Utah|Lewiston]] ballooned to over 6000 people each in the 1870s, exceeding the population of Tooele and all the Mormon settlements in the area.

Tooele County as originally defined extended into present-day [[Nevada]]. The county's borders were adjusted in 1852, in 1854, in 1856, in 1861, and in 1862. When [[Nevada Territory]] was created in 1862, the county's borders were impacted, and when the Territory became a state (1864), Tooele County was formally divested of all its Nevada area. Two more boundary adjustments were made in 1870 and 1880, after which it has retained its boundaries to the present.<ref name=Newberry/>

===Republic of Tooele===
From 1874 to 1879, non-Mormon politicians from the [[Liberal Party (Utah)|Liberal Party of Utah]] gained control of Tooele County, the first time any non-Mormons had success in Utah politics. Whimsically, they called the county the Republic of Tooele.

The 1874 election marked the first success of the [[anti-Mormon]] Liberal Party, which was organized in 1870. The party viewed the large non-Mormon mining population in the county as a natural environment for electoral success and campaigned fiercely in Tooele's mining districts leading up to the June 1874 election. The non-Mormon appointed [[Governor of Utah|governor of Utah Territory]], [[George L. Woods]], campaigned for the Liberals in Tooele County.

[[File:Tooele County Courthouse and City Hall.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The old Tooele County Courthouse was site of a political power struggle in 1874.]]
The incumbent Mormon [[People's Party (Utah)|People's Party]] observed several Tooele polling places on election day and lodged complaints of fraud after the Liberal Party triumphed by about 300 votes out of 2,200. The People's Party alleged Liberal Party supporters had voted more than once, that many had not been residents for the required six months, and they were not taxpayers—according to territorial law, only taxpayers could vote in elections. The People's Party called attention to the 2,200 votes cast in the election although only 1,500 Tooele County [[property tax]]payers were on record. Incumbents refused to yield control of the Tooele County recorder's office and the Tooele County Courthouse because of the alleged fraud.

Governor Woods dismissed the complaints and certified the Liberal victory. Third District Court Judge James B. McKean ruled that no evidence showing illegal activity had been presented. McKean construed [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]] as within the meaning of being a taxpayer. Since no evidence was provided there were over 300 [[carpetbagger]]s or repeat votes in the election, McKean sustained the tally and authorized deputy [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals]] to install the Liberal candidates.

The recorder's office was seized when it was momentarily abandoned, but a contingent of People's Party supporters and incumbents held the county courthouse night and day. The marshals and Liberal Party candidates, outnumbered, attempted to negotiate with the armed and barricaded Mormons. Aware that a show of aggression could spark a battle, the parties were nonetheless unable to come to an agreement to hand over power.

Judge McKean issued an even more strongly worded injunction, and [[Brigham Young]] advised his followers that they had an obligation to obey the federal courts. The county courthouse was abandoned, thus beginning about five years of Liberal Party rule. However, the [[Utah Territory|Utah territorial]] legislature, which had the last say on the qualifications of its members, refused to seat the Liberal Party representative from Tooele County.

The Liberals won an unopposed 1876 election.

In 1876, the territorial legislature passed bills requiring [[voter registration]] and requiring [[women's suffrage]] for local elections—women had been voting in territorial elections since 1870. The Liberal Party, typically supported by male miners casually interested in politics, opposed both measures. In 1878 the Liberal majority in Tooele County disappeared, and the People's Party regained control in 1879 after more than six months of Liberal procedural delays.

The Republic of Tooele era was characterized by subsequent politicians as one of excessive spending. The county was left with about $16,000 debt, significantly more than it started with.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}

===Modern Tooele===
Mining continued to play an important part in Tooele County into the 20th century, but the county benefited from two major military bases located in the western portion of the county. [[Wendover Air Force Base]], now closed, was the training base of the [[Enola Gay]] crew, which dropped the first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic weapon]] in 1945. The [[Tooele Army Depot]], built in 1942, formerly housed the largest store of [[chemical weapon|chemical]] and [[biological weapon]]s, 45 percent of the nation's, in the United States, at the [[Deseret Chemical Depot]]. Starting August 1996, the store was reduced by destruction in a controversial weapons incinerator, at the [[Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility]]; the last such weapon was destroyed in January 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Christensen|first=Lisa|title=Deseret Chemical Depot finally destroys last chemical weapons|url=http://www.tooeletranscript.com/view/full_story/17231152/article-Deseret-Chemical-Depot-finally-destroys-last-chemical-weapons|work=[[Tooele Transcript-Bulletin]]|access-date=November 5, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cma.army.mil/tooele.aspx The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) - Tooele, UT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408035407/http://www.cma.army.mil/tooele.aspx |date=April 8, 2014 }}</ref>

Since the 1980s, much of Tooele County's economic prospects have centered around private [[hazardous waste]] disposal facilities. Between 1988 and 1993, hazardous waste landfills and incinerators have been installed at [[Clive, Utah|Clive]] and [[Aragonite, Utah|Aragonite]].<ref name=gr>J. Matthew Shumway and Richard H. Jackson, "Place Making, Hazardous Waste, and the Development of Tooele County, Utah". ''The Geographical Review'', 98 (2008), pp. 433-455.</ref> This, coupled with [[uranium mine]] tailings from [[Salt Lake County]] which were disposed in Tooele County in the 1980s, the presence of the Deseret Chemical Depot, and a high-polluting magnesium facility in [[Rowley, Utah|Rowley]], have contributed to a general perception of Tooele County as a "[[sacrifice zone]]" for unwanted wastes.<ref name=gr/>

News coverage for the county is provided by the ''[[Tooele Transcript-Bulletin]]'' newspaper.

On September 8, 2004, the [[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]] spacecraft crashed into the desert floor of the [[Dugway Proving Ground]] in Tooele County.

The county's western portion is home to the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]], traversed by [[Interstate 80 in Utah|Interstate 80]] and the [[Wendover Cut-off]], the former routing of the [[Victory Highway in Utah|Victory Highway]].