Editing Toluene (section)

==History==
The compound was first isolated in 1837 through a distillation of [[pine]] oil by [[Pierre Joseph Pelletier]] and [[Filip Neriusz Walter]], who named it ''rétinnaphte''.<ref>Pelletier PJ and Walter FN (1837) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29634/f902.image.langEN "Examen des produits provenant du traitement de la résine dans la fabrication du gaz pour l'éclairage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021035401/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29634/f902.image.langEN |date=October 21, 2016 }} (Examination of products arising from the treatment of resin during the production of illuminating gas), ''Comptes rendus'', '''4''' : 898–899.</ref><ref>Pelletier PJ and Walter FN (1838) [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858046218297;view=1up;seq=273 "Examen des produits provenant du traitement de la résine dans la fabrication du gaz pour l'éclairage,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913125711/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=iau.31858046218297;seq=273 |date=September 13, 2022 }} ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', 2nd series, '''67''' :  269–303. Toluene is named on pp. 278–279:  ''"Nous désignerons la substance qui nous occupe par le nom de ''rétinnaphte'', qui rappelle son origine et ses propriétés physiques (ρητίνη-νάφτα)."'' (We will designate the substance that occupies us by the name of ''rétinnaphte'', which recalls its origin and its physical properties (ρητίνη-νάφτα [resin-naphtha]).</ref>  In 1841, [[Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville]] isolated a hydrocarbon from [[Tolu balsam|balsam of Tolu]] (an aromatic extract from the tropical Colombian tree ''[[Myroxylon|Myroxylon balsamum]]''), which Deville recognized as similar to Walter's ''rétinnaphte'' and to benzene; hence he called the new hydrocarbon ''benzoène''.<ref>Deville, H. (1841) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29723/f478.image.langEN "Recherches sur les résines. Étude du baume de Tolu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021035427/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29723/f478.image.langEN |date=October 21, 2016 }} (Investigations of resins.  Study of Tolu balsam), ''Comptes rendus'', '''13''' : 476–478.</ref><ref>Deville, H. (1841) [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dxg;view=1up;seq=157 "Recherches chimiques sur les résines; Premier mémoire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502063334/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dxg;view=1up;seq=157 |date=May 2, 2021 }} (Chemical investigations of resins; first memoir), ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', 3rd series, '''3''' : 151–195.  Deville names toluene on p. 170:  ''"J'ai adopté, pour le corps qui m'occupe dans ce moment, le nom de ''benzoène'', qui rappelle, dans les baumes dont il provient, ce caractère presque générique qui est de contenir de l'acide benzoïque."'' (I've adopted, for this substance that occupies me at the moment, the name ''benzoène'', which recalls, in the balsams from which it comes, that character which is contained in benzoic acid.)
</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Wisniak J |title=Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville: A physician turned metallurgist |year=2004 |journal=[[Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=117–118|doi=10.1361/10599490418271|bibcode=2004JMEP...13..117W |s2cid=95058552 }}</ref> In 1843, [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] recommended the name ''toluin''.<ref>Berzelius, Jacob (1843) ''Jahres Berichte'', '''22''' : [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433109960207;view=1up;seq=372 353–354.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913125714/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=nyp.33433109960207;seq=372 |date=September 13, 2022 }}.</ref> In 1850, French chemist [[Auguste André Thomas Cahours|Auguste Cahours]] isolated from a distillate of wood a hydrocarbon which he recognized as similar to Deville's ''benzoène'' and which Cahours named ''toluène''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cahours A | date = 1850 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2987x/f319.image.langEN | title = Recherches sur les huiles légères obtenues dans la distillation du bois | trans-title = Investigations of light oils obtained by the distillation of wood | language = French | journal = Comptes Rendus | volume = 30 | pages = 319–323 (320) | access-date = August 2, 2015 | archive-date = March 1, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160301003417/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2987x/f319.image.langEN | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wisniak J | date = October 2013 | title = Auguste André Thomas Cahours | journal = Educación Química | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 451–460 | doi = 10.1016/S0187-893X(13)72500-X | doi-access = free }}</ref>