Editing Toledo, Oregon (section)

== History ==
European-American settlement in Toledo began in 1866, when John Graham,<ref name=OGN>{{cite OGN|7th|page=961}}</ref> his son Joseph, and William Mackey, claimed land made available by the [[Homestead Act of 1862]]. The site was called "Graham's Landing" until a post office was established two years later.<ref name=OGN/> Joseph D. Graham, John's son, named the post office for [[Toledo, Ohio]], because he was homesick.<ref name=OGN/> William Mackey was the first postmaster.<ref name=OGN/>

Toledo was made the [[county seat]] of the newly established Lincoln County in 1893.<ref name="Hitchman 5">{{cite web|author=Hitchman, James H.|title=The Port of Toledo, Oregon: 1910–2010|publisher=Port of Toledo|url=http://artsprogramsupport.com/demo/clientview2/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/PORT_-History-Hitchman.pdf|page=5|year=2010|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> The city incorporated in 1893 and reincorporated in 1905.<ref name="Hitchman 5"/> Charles Barton Crosno served as the first mayor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzVEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA585|title=Portrait and Biographical Record of Western Oregon: Containing Original Sketches of Many Well Known Citizens of the Past and Present...|date=June 9, 1904|publisher=Chapman publishing Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> The county seat moved from Toledo to [[Newport, Oregon|Newport]] in 1953.<ref name="Hitchman 5"/> To make matters worse, an improved [[U.S. Route 20]] bypassed the city, ([[Special routes of U.S. Route 20]]) and as a result, many businesses relocated to Newport.

In 1918, the [[Port of Toledo (Oregon)|Port of Toledo]] leased land to the [[Spruce Production Division]] for a [[sawmill]] to cut airplane frames for World War I. However, before production began at the site, the war ended.<ref name="Oregon Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Hitchman, James H.|title=Port of Toledo|url=http://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/port_of_toledo/#.VHNcmcm9YXY|encyclopedia=The Oregon Encyclopedia|publisher=Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society|year=2014|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> C. D. Johnson and associates formed a subsidiary, Pacific Spruce Corporation,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yaquina.library.oregonstate.edu/node/82151 | title=Pacific Spruce Corporation and Subsidiaries: C.D. Johnson Lumber Company, Manary Logging Company, Pacific Spruce Northern Railway Co.: An Illustrated Story Reprinted from the Lumber World Review | date=1924 }}</ref> which in 1920 bought the mill and related equipment, which by 1922 processed logs shipped to Toledo by rail and logs floated down the [[Yaquina River]] from nearby Lincoln County Logging camps.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/defaults/j67314933?locale=en | title=Pacific Spruce Corporation and subsidiaries : C.D. Johnson Lumber Company, Manary Logging Company, Pacific Spruce Northern Railway Co. : An illustrated story reprinted from the Lumber World Review }}</ref> [[Georgia-Pacific]] acquired the operation in 1952 and turned it into a [[pulp mill]] by 1957.<ref name="Oregon Encyclopedia"/>

In 1925, the Pacific Spruce Corporation decided to hire Japanese contract labor to sort lumber in its Toledo sawmill.  Managers informed local employees that only the Japanese would work the [[graveyard shift]].  The sawmill employees did not object, but local businessmen opposed bringing Japanese workers into the community.  Two days after the Japanese arrived, a mob forced a Japanese labor crew to leave town.  A year later, Tamakichi Ogura filed a lawsuit in the [[United States District Court]] alleging that nine individuals had violated his civil rights by assaulting him, stealing his property, and forcibly removing him from the Toledo community.  After a nine-day trial, the jury unanimously agreed with Ogura and awarded him $2,500 in damages plus court costs.<ref>Cox, Ted W., [https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/toledo_incident_of_1925/#.WZECueSWzcs "Toledo Incident of 1925"], ''Oregon Encyclopedia'', Portland State University and Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 3 September 2015.</ref> A book was written about this called [[Toledo Incident of 1925|The Toledo Incident of 1925]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Cox, Ted W. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/60337622 |title=The Toledo incident of 1925 : three days that made history in Toledo, Oregon : the true story of an angry mob, the Japanese/Asians they forced out of town, and the lawsuit that followed |date=2005 |publisher=Old World Publications |isbn=978-0-9760891-0-0 |oclc=60337622}}</ref>

Between 1927 and 1944, the [[Creamery Package Manufacturing Company Building|Creamery Package Manufacturing Company]], based in Chicago, operated a substantial sawmill and stock [[Cooper (profession)|cooperage]] in Toledo. This mill was dedicated to producing butter tub stock, churning out up to two million spruce butter tubs annually. These tubs were shipped as knockdown kits via rail to three Midwestern factories for regional assembly and distribution, with most designed to hold a generous 63 pounds of butter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newportnewstimes.com/coast_life/author-to-share-some-toledo-history/article_9ef3e1a8-7447-11ee-a773-f796534d9f74.html | title=Author to share some Toledo history | date=November 2, 2023 }}</ref>