Editing Tokyo Rose (section)

==Iva Toguri and ''The Zero Hour''==
{{main|Iva Toguri D'Aquino|The Zero Hour (World War II)}}
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Although she broadcast using the name "Orphan Ann", Iva Toguri has been known as "Tokyo Rose" since her return to the United States in 1945. An American citizen and the daughter of Japanese immigrants, Toguri traveled to Japan to tend to a sick aunt just prior to the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>{{Citation|last=CriticalPast|title=Iva Toguri D'Aquino (Iva Ikuko Toguri) reads propaganda from Radio Tokyo and talk...HD Stock Footage|date=2014-03-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dn6hwkHWX6I|access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref> Unable to leave the country when war began with the United States, unable to stay with her aunt's family as an American citizen, and unable to receive any aid from her parents who were placed in [[internment camps]] in Arizona, Toguri eventually accepted a job as a part-time typist at [[NHK|Radio Tokyo]] (NHK).<ref name=":1" /> She was quickly recruited as a broadcaster for the 75-minute propagandist program ''[[The Zero Hour (World War II)|The Zero Hour]]'', which consisted of skits, news reports, and popular American music.<ref name=":0" />

According to studies conducted during 1968, of the 94 men who were interviewed and who recalled listening to ''The Zero Hour'' while serving in the Pacific, 89% recognized it as "propaganda", and less than 10% felt "demoralized" by it.<ref name=":0" /> 84% of the men listened because the program had "good entertainment," and one [[G.I.]] remarked, "[l]ots of us thought she was on our side all along."<ref name=":0" />

After [[World War II]] ended in 1945, the U.S. military detained Toguri for a year before releasing her due to lack of evidence. Department of Justice officials agreed that her broadcasts were "innocuous".<ref>{{cite journal | title = Tokyo Rose: They Called Her a Traitor | first = J. Kingston | last = Pierce | journal = American History | date = October 2002 | url = http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_history/3035976.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204038/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_history/3035976.html | archive-date = 2007-09-30 }}</ref> But when Toguri tried to return to the United States, an uproar ensued because [[Walter Winchell]] (a powerful broadcasting personality) and the [[American Legion]] lobbied relentlessly for a trial, prompting the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) to renew its investigation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vault.fbi.gov/tokyo-rose|title=FBI – Tokyo Rose|date=2017-05-03|access-date=2017-05-14|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503171742/https://vault.fbi.gov/tokyo-rose|archive-date=2017-05-03}}</ref> of Toguri's wartime activities. Her 1949 trial resulted in a conviction on one of eight counts of treason.

In 1974, investigative journalists found that important witnesses had asserted that they were forced to lie during testimony. They stated that FBI and US occupation police had coached them for more than two months about what they should say on the stand, and that they had been threatened with treason trials themselves if they did not cooperate.<ref name="BBCRose">{{cite news|title=Death ends the myth of Tokyo Rose |publisher=[[BBC News|BBC]] |date=September 28, 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/5389722.stm}}</ref> U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] pardoned Toguri in 1977 based on these revelations and earlier issues with the indictment.<ref name=Pfau08>{{cite book|author=Pfau, Ann Elizabeth | date = 2008 |chapter = The Legend of ''Tokyo Rose'' | title = Miss Your Lovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] | place = New York| chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/pfau/chapter5.html}}</ref>{{rp|47}}