Editing Tokugawa shogunate (section)

==History==
{{see also|Sengoku period|Tokugawa Ieyasu|Bakumatsu}}{{Further|Edo period}}
Following the Sengoku period ("Warring States period"), the central government had been largely re-established by [[Oda Nobunaga]] during the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]]. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu.<ref name="nussbaum978" /> While many ''daimyos'' who fought against him were extinguished or had their holdings reduced, Ieyasu was committed to retaining the ''daimyos'' and the ''han'' (domains) as components under his new shogunate.<ref name="brown 1997">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge history of Japan. 1: Ancient Japan / ed. by Delmer M. Brown |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |others=James L. McClain |isbn=978-0-521-22352-2 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Delmer Myers |edition=Repr |location=Cambridge |oclc=17483588}}</ref> ''Daimyos'' who sided with Ieyasu were rewarded, and some of Ieyasu's former vassals were made ''daimyos'' and were located strategically throughout the country.<ref name="brown 1997" /> The [[Sankin-kōtai|''sankin-kotai'']] policy, in an effort to constrain rebellions by the daimyos, mandated the housing of wives and children of the ''daimyos'' in the capital as hostages.<ref name="paik steele tanaka 2017" />

In 1616, there was a failed attempt of the [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1616)|invasion of Taiwan]] by a Shogunate subject named  [[Murayama Tōan]].<ref name="Taiwan Government">[http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/tw04.html Taiwan Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070801062712/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/tw04.html|date=2007-08-01}}</ref><ref name="gregorysmits">{{Cite web |last=Smits |first=Gregory |author-link=Gregory Smits |title=Recent Trends in Scholarship on the History of Ryukyu's Relations with China and Japan |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Smits_bonn06_Revised.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302074408/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Smits_bonn06_Revised.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-02 |website=[[Penn State]]}}</ref>

A long period of peace occurred between the [[Siege of Osaka]] in 1615 and the [[Keian Uprising]] in 1651. This period saw the [[bakufu]] (shogunate's administration) prioritise civil administration, while civil society witnessed a surge in trade and industrial activities. Trade under the reign of Ieyasu saw much new wealth created by mining and goods manufacturing, which resulted in a rural population flow to urban areas.<ref name="sansom 1958">{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=Sir George Bailey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oul3FkdYxR0C |title=A History of Japan: 1615-1867 |date=1958 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0527-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=58, 156 |language=en}}</ref> By the [[Genroku period]] (1688–1704) Japan saw a period of material prosperity and the blossoming of the arts, such as the early development of ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' by [[Hishikawa Moronobu|Moronobu]]. The reign of [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]] (1716–1745) saw poor harvests and a fall in tax revenue in the early 1720s, as a result he pushed for the [[Kyoho Reforms|Kyoho reforms]] to repair the finances of the bakufu as he believed the military aristocracy was losing its power against the rich merchants and landowners.<ref name="sansom 1958" />

[[Edo society|Society in the Tokugawa period]], unlike in previous shogunates, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The ''daimyō'' (lords) were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, ''daimyō,'' and samurai were more or less identical, since ''daimyō'' might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local rulers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts that did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners increasingly declined over time. A 2017 study found that peasant rebellions and desertion lowered tax rates and inhibited state growth in the Tokugawa shogunate.<ref name="paik steele tanaka 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Paik |first1=Christopher |last2=Steele |first2=Abbey |last3=Tanaka |first3=Seiki |year=2017 |title=Constraining the Samurai: Rebellion and Taxation in Early Modern Japan |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/137080/1/Binder3.pdf |url-status=live |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=5 |doi=10.1093/isq/sqx008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309202210/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/137080/1/Binder3.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-09 |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> By the mid-18th century, both the ''shogun'' and ''daimyos'' were hampered by financial difficulties, whereas more wealth flowed to the merchant class. Peasant uprisings and samurai discontent became increasingly prevalent. Some reforms were enacted to attend to these issues such as the [[Kansei Reforms|Kansei reform]] (1787–1793) by [[Matsudaira Sadanobu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deal |first=William E. |title=Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> He bolstered the bakufu's rice stockpiles and mandated ''daimyos'' to follow suit. He cut down urban spending, allocated reserves for potential famines, and urged city-dwelling peasants to return to rural areas.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

By 1800, Japan included five cities with over 100,000 residents, and three among the world's twenty cities that had more than 300,000 inhabitants. Edo likely claimed the title of the world's most populous city, housing over one million people.<ref>{{harvnb|Jansen|2002|pp=245–246}}</ref>

=== Christians under the Shogunate ===
Followers of [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Christians first began appearing in Japan during the 16th century. [[Oda Nobunaga]] embraced Christianity and the Western technology that was imported with it, such as the musket. He also saw it as a tool he could use to suppress Buddhist forces.<ref>{{harvnb|Totman|Nakane|Ōishi|1990|p=12}}</ref>

Though Christianity was allowed to grow until the 1610s, [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] soon began to see it as a growing threat to the stability of the shogunate. As ''Ōgosho'' ("Cloistered ''Shōgun''"),<ref>{{harvnb|Nussbaum|2002|p=738}}</ref> he influenced the implementation of laws that banned the practice of Christianity. His successors followed suit, compounding upon Ieyasu's laws. The ban of Christianity is often linked with the creation of the Seclusion laws, or [[Sakoku]], in the 1630s.<ref>{{harvnb|Totman|Nakane|Ōishi|1990|pp=24–28}}</ref>

=== Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867) ===
{{main|Bakumatsu}}
[[File:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg|thumb|[[Samurai]] of the [[Shimazu clan]]]]
The late Tokugawa shogunate ({{langx|ja|幕末}} ''Bakumatsu'') was the period between 1853 and 1867, during which Japan ended its [[isolationist foreign policy]] called ''[[sakoku]]'' and modernized from a [[feudal]] shogunate to the [[Meiji period|Meiji government]]. The 1850s saw growing resentment by the ''[[tozama daimyō]]s'' and [[anti-Western sentiment]] following the arrival of a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] fleet under the command of [[Matthew C. Perry]] (which led to the forced opening of Japan). The major ideological and political factions during this period were divided into the pro-imperialist ''[[Ishin Shishi]]'' ([[nationalist]] [[Patriotism|patriots]]) and the shogunate forces; aside from the dominant two groups, other factions attempted to use the chaos of the Bakumatsu era to seize personal power.<ref name="SHINSENGUMI">{{Cite book |last=Hillsborough |first=Romulus |title=Shinsengumi: the shōgun's last samurai corps |date=2005 |publisher=Tuttle Pub |isbn=978-0-8048-3627-2 |edition=1st |location=North Clarendon, VT}}</ref>

An alliance of ''daimyos'' and the emperor succeeded in overthrowing the shogunate, which came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shogun'','' [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], leading to the "restoration" ([[:ja:王政復古 (日本)|王政復古]], ''Ōsei fukko'') of imperial rule. Some loyal retainers of the shogun continued to fight during the [[Boshin War]] that followed but were eventually defeated in the notable [[Battle of Toba–Fushimi]].<ref name="LS">{{Cite book |last=Ravina |first=Mark |title=The last samurai: the life and battles of Saigō Takamori |date=2004 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-70537-6 |location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref>