Editing Tinnitus (section)

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Tinnitus Simulation.mp3|thumb|Simulation of a Tinnitus.]]
Tinnitus is often described as ringing, but it may also sound like clicking, buzzing, hissing, or roaring.<ref name=Han2009/> It may be soft or loud, low- or high-[[Pitch (music)|pitched]], and may seem to come from either one or both ears, or from the head itself. It may be intermittent or continuous. In some individuals, its intensity may be changed by shoulder, neck, head, tongue, jaw, or eye movements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simmons |first1=R |last2=Dambra |first2=C |last3=Lobarinas |first3=E |last4=Stocking |first4=C |last5=Salvi |first5=R |title=Head, Neck, and Eye Movements That Modulate Tinnitus |pmid=19183705 |journal=Seminars in Hearing |pmc=2633109 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1095895 |volume=29 |issue=4 |year=2008 |pages=361–370}}</ref>

===Course===
Due to variations in study designs, data on the course of tinnitus shows few consistent results. Generally, prevalence increases with age in adults, and the ratings of annoyance increase with persistence at follow up.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Baguley D |author2=Andersson g |author3=McFerran D |author4=McKenna L |title=Tinnitus: A Multidisciplinary Approach |edition=  2nd |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |pages=16–17 |year=2013| isbn=978-1-118-48870-6 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20124901">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gopinath B, McMahon CM, Rochtchina E, Karpa MJ, Mitchell P | title = Incidence, persistence, and progression of tinnitus symptoms in older adults: the Blue Mountains Hearing Study | journal = Ear and Hearing | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 407–412 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20124901 | doi = 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181cdb2a2 | s2cid = 23601127 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20670725">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shargorodsky J, Curhan GC, Farwell WR | title = Prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus among US adults | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 123 | issue = 8 | pages = 711–718 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20670725 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.02.015 }}</ref>

===Psychological effects===
Although it is an annoying condition to which most people adapt, persistent tinnitus may cause anxiety and depression in some people.<ref name="pmid12238249">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson G | title = Psychological aspects of tinnitus and the application of cognitive-behavioral therapy | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 22 | issue = 7 | pages = 977–990 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12238249 | doi = 10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00124-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid10407886">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reiss M, Reiss G | title = Some psychological aspects of tinnitus | journal = Perceptual and Motor Skills | volume = 88 | issue = 3 Pt 1 | pages = 790–792 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10407886 | doi = 10.2466/pms.1999.88.3.790 | s2cid = 41610361 }}</ref> Tinnitus annoyance is more strongly associated with the psychological condition of the person than the loudness or frequency range of the perceived sound.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Baguley DM |title=Mechanisms of tinnitus |journal=British Medical Bulletin |volume=63 |pages=195–212 |year=2002 |pmid=12324394 |doi=10.1093/bmb/63.1.195|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henry |first1=James A. |last2=Meikle |first2=Mary B. |title=Pulsed versus Continuous Tones for Evaluating the Loudness of Tinnitus |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Audiology |date=May 1999 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=261–272 |doi=10.1055/s-0042-1748497 |pmid=10331618 |s2cid=18675226 }}</ref> Psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and concentration difficulties are common in those with strongly annoying tinnitus.<ref name="Henry JA, Dennis KC, Schechter MA 2005 1204–1235"/><ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Davies A, Rafie EA |chapter=Epidemiology of Tinnitus |editor=Tyler, RS |title=Tinnitus Handbook |location=San Diego |publisher=Singular |pages=1–23 |year=2000 |oclc=42771695}}</ref> 45% of people with tinnitus have an [[anxiety disorder]] at some time in their lives.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pattyn T, Van Den Eede F, Vanneste S, Cassiers L, Veltman DJ, Van De Heyning P, Sabbe BC |title=Tinnitus and anxiety disorders: A review |journal=Hearing Research |volume= 333 |pages= 255–265 |year=2015 |pmid=26342399 |doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.08.014|hdl=10067/1273140151162165141 |s2cid=205103174 |url=https://repository.uantwerpen.be/docman/irua/b0770b/10705.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Psychological research has focused on the tinnitus distress reaction to account for differences in tinnitus severity.<ref name="Henry JA, Dennis KC, Schechter MA 2005 1204–1235">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry JA, Dennis KC, Schechter MA |title=General review of tinnitus: Prevalence, mechanisms, effects, and management |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |volume=48 |pages=1204–1235 |year=2005 |pmid=16411806 |doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2005/084) |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Henry JA, Wilson P |contribution=Psychological management of tinnitus |editor=R.S. Tyler |title=Tinnitus Handbook |location=San Diego |publisher=Singular |pages=263–279 |year=2000 |oclc=42771695}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Andersson G, Westin V |title=Understanding tinnitus distress: Introducing the concepts of moderators and mediators |journal=International Journal of Audiology |volume=47 |issue=Suppl. 2 |pages=S106–111 |year=2008 |pmid=19012118 |doi=10.1080/14992020802301670|s2cid=19389202 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weise C, Hesser H, Andersson G, Nyenhuis N, Zastrutzki S, Kröner-Herwig B, Jäger B |title=The role of catastrophizing in recent onset tinnitus: its nature and association with tinnitus distress and medical utilization |journal=International Journal of Audiology |volume=52 |pages=177–188 |year=2013 |pmid=23301660 |doi=10.3109/14992027.2012.752111 |issue=3|s2cid=24297897 }}</ref> The research indicates that conditioning at the initial perception of tinnitus linked it with negative emotions, such as fear and anxiety.<ref name="TRT">{{Cite book |last1=Jastreboff |first1=PJ |last2=Hazell |first2=JWP |title=Tinnitus Retraining Therapy: Implementing the neurophysiological model |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |oclc=237191959 }}</ref>