Editing Tigard, Oregon (section)

==History==
[[File:A Kalapuya Welcome (6093057035).jpg|thumb|left|A Kalapuya welcome]]
Before colonization by European settlers, the [[Atfalati]] inhabited the [[Tualatin Valley]] in several hunter-gatherer villages including Chachimahiyuk ("Place of aromatic herbs"), near present-day Tigard. Primary food stuffs included deer, [[camassia|camas]] root, fish, berries, elk, and various nuts. To encourage the growth of the camas plant and maintain a habitat beneficial to deer and elk, the group regularly burned the valley floor to discourage the growth of forests, a common practice among the [[Kalapuya]].<ref name="buan">{{cite book|last=Buan|first=Carolyn M.|title=This Far-Off Sunset Land: A Pictorial History of Washington County, Oregon|publisher=The Donning Company Publishers|location=Virginia Beach, VA|year=1999|pages=17–22|isbn=1-57864-037-7}}</ref> The Atfalati spoke the [[Northern Kalapuya language|Tualatin-Yamhill]] (Northern Kalapuya) language, which was one of the three [[Kalapuyan languages]]. Prior to contact with white explorers, traders, and missionaries, the Kalapuya population is believed to have numbered as many as 15,000 people.<ref>Robert T. Boyd, ''The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians.'' Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1999; pp.&nbsp;324–325, table 16. Cited in Melinda Marie Jetté, "'Beaver are Numerous but the Natives&nbsp;... Will Not Hunt Them': Native-Fur Trader Relations in the Willamette Valley, 1812–1814," ''Pacific Northwest Quarterly,'' Winter 2006/07, pg. 3.</ref>

Euro-Americans began arriving in the Atfalati's homeland in the early 19th century, and settlers in the 1840s.<ref name="buan"/> As with the other Kalapuyan peoples, the arrival of Euro-Americans led to dramatic social disruptions.<ref name="ruby">{{cite book|last=Ruby|first=Robert H.|title=A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Oklahoma City, OK|year=2010|isbn=978-0806140247}}</ref> By the 1830s, diseases had decimated the Atfalati.<ref name="buan"/> The tribe had already experienced population decreased from [[History of smallpox|smallpox epidemics]] in 1782 and 1783.<ref name="ruby"/> It is estimated that the band was reduced to a population of around 600 in 1842, and had shrunk to only 60 in 1848. These upheavals diminished the Atfalati's ability to challenge white encroachment.

Under the terms of a treaty of April 19, 1851, the Atfalatis ceded their lands in return for a small reservation at Wapato Lake as well as "money, clothing, blankets, tools, a few rifles, and a horse for each of their headmen--Kaicut, La Medicine, and Knolah."<ref name="ruby"/> At the time of the treaty, there were 65 Atfalatis.<ref name="ruby"/> The treaty resulted in the loss of much of the Atfalati's lands, but was preferable to removal east of the Cascade Mountains, which the government initially had demanded.<ref name="ruby"/> This treaty, however, was never ratified.<ref name="buan"/><ref name="ruby"/> Under continuing pressure, the government and Kalapuya renegotiated a treaty with [[Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs]] [[Joel Palmer]].<ref name="ruby"/> This treaty, the [[Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.]] (also known as the Willamette Valley Treaty or Dayton Treaty) was signed January 4, 1855, and ratified by Congress, on March 3, 1855 (10 Stat. 1143).<ref name="ruby"/> Under the terms of the treaty, the indigenous peoples of the Willamette Valley agreed to remove to a reservation later designated by the federal government as the [[Grand Ronde Reservation|Grand Ronde reservation]] in the western part of the Willamette Valley at the foothills of the [[Oregon Coast Range]], sixty miles south of their original homeland.<ref name="buan"/><ref name="ruby"/>

[[File:Wilson Tigard.jpg|thumb|left|Wilson Tigard]]
The [[Donation Land Claim Act]] of 1850 promoted [[homesteading|homestead]] settlement in the [[Territory of Oregon|Oregon territory]] and encouraged thousands of white settlers to come to the area. Like many towns in the [[Willamette Valley]], Tigard was [[Oregon pioneer history|settled]] by several families. The most noteworthy was the Tigard family, headed by Wilson M. Tigard. Arriving in the area known as "East Butte" in 1852, the family settled and became involved in organizing and building the East Butte School, a general store (which, starting in 1886, also housed the area's post office) and a meeting hall, and renamed East Butte to "Tigardville" in 1886.<ref name="century">{{cite news|url=http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=46917|title=Nearing the century mark, Curtis Tigard reflects on his namesake city|last=Sherman|first=Barbara|date=March 26, 2009|work=[[Portland Tribune]]|access-date=January 30, 2015|publisher = [[Pamplin Media Group]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150131070329/http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=46917|archive-date = January 31, 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> The Evangelical organization built the Emanuel Evangelical Church at the foot of Bull Mountain, south of the Tigard store in 1886. A blacksmith shop was opened in the 1890s by John Gaarde across from the Tigard Store, and in 1896 a new E. Butte school was opened to handle the growth the community was experiencing from an incoming wave of German settlers.

The period between 1907 and 1910 marked a rapid acceleration in growth as Main Street blossomed with the construction of several new commercial buildings, Germania Hall (a two-story building featuring a restaurant, grocery store, dance hall, and rooms to rent), a shop/post office, and a livery stable. Limited telephone service began in 1908.

In 1910, the arrival of the [[Oregon Electric Railway]] triggered the development of Main Street and pushed Tigardville from being merely a small farming community into a period of growth which would lead to its incorporation as a city in 1961. The town was renamed Tigard in 1907 by the railroad to greater distinguish it from the nearby [[Wilsonville, Oregon|Wilsonville]],<ref name="century"/> and the focus of the town reoriented northeast towards the new rail stop as growth accelerated.

1911 marked the introduction of electricity, as the Tualatin Valley Electric company joined Tigard to a service grid with [[Sherwood, Oregon|Sherwood]] and [[Tualatin, Oregon|Tualatin]]. William Ariss built a blacksmith shop on Main Street in 1912 that eventually evolved into a modern service station. In the 1930s the streets and walks of Main Street were finally paved, and another school established to accommodate growth.

The city was the [[respondent]] in (and eventual loser of) the [[landmark case|landmark]] property rights case, ''[[Dolan v. City of Tigard]]'', decided by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in 1994. The case established the "rough proportionality" test that is now applied throughout the United States when a local government evaluates a land use application and determines the exactions to require of the recipient of a land use approval.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-518.ZS.html| title = Dolan v. Tigard}}</ref>

In the 2004 general elections, the city of Tigard won approval from its voters to annex the unincorporated suburbs on [[Bull Mountain, Oregon|Bull Mountain]], a hill to the west of Tigard. However, residents in that area have rejected annexation and are currently fighting in court various moves by the city.