Editing Thurgood Marshall (section)

==Early life and education==
Thoroughgood{{Efn|Marshall was originally named "Thoroughgood" (his paternal grandfather's name), but he changed it to the briefer "Thurgood" when he was in the second grade.<ref name="Ball-1998" />{{Rp|page=13}}}} Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in [[Baltimore]], Maryland, to Norma and William Canfield Marshall.<ref name="Davis-1992">{{Cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Michael D. |url=https://archive.org/details/thurgoodmarshall00davi |title=Thurgood Marshall: Warrior at the Bar, Rebel on the Bench |last2=Clark |first2=Hunter R. |publisher=[[Carol Publishing Group]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-55972-133-2 |location=Secaucas, New Jersey |author-link=Michael DeMond Davis}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=30, 35}} His father held various jobs as a waiter in hotels, in clubs, and on railroad cars, and his mother was an elementary school teacher.<ref name="Gibson-2012">{{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Larry S. |url=https://archive.org/details/youngthurgoodmak0000gibs |title=Young Thurgood: The Making of a Supreme Court Justice |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61614-571-2 |location=Amherst, New York |author-link=Larry S. Gibson}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=41, 45}} The family moved to [[New York City]] in search of better employment opportunities not long after Thurgood's birth; they returned to Baltimore when he was six years old.<ref name="Gibson-2012" />{{Rp|page=50}} He was an energetic and boisterous child who frequently found himself in trouble.<ref name="Davis-1992" />{{Rp|page=37}} Following legal cases was one of William's hobbies, and Thurgood oftentimes went to court with him to observe the proceedings.<ref name="Davis-1992" />{{Rp|page=37}} Marshall later said that his father "never told me to become a lawyer, but he turned me into one{{Nbsp}}... He taught me how to argue, challenged my logic on every point, by making me prove every statement I made, even if we were discussing the weather."<ref name="Davis-1992" />{{Rp|page=38}}

Marshall attended the Colored High and Training School (later [[Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)|Frederick Douglass High School]]) in Baltimore, graduating in 1925 with honors.<ref name="Gibson-2012" />{{Rp|pages=69, 79}}<ref name="Williams-1998">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Juan |url=https://archive.org/details/thurgoodmarshall0000will |title=Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary |publisher=[[Times Books]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8129-2028-4 |location=New York |author-link=Juan Williams}}</ref>{{Rp|page=34}} He then enrolled at [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]] in [[Chester County, Pennsylvania]], the oldest college for African Americans in the United States.<ref name="Davis-1992" />{{Rp|page=43}} The mischievous Marshall was suspended for two weeks in the wake of a [[hazing]] incident, but he earned good grades in his classes and led the school's debating team to numerous victories.<ref name="Davis-1992" />{{Rp|pages=43–44, 46}} His classmates included the poet [[Langston Hughes]].<ref name="Gibson-2012" />{{Rp|page=88}} Upon his graduation with honors in 1930 with a bachelor's degree in American literature and philosophy,<ref name="Davis-1992" />{{Rp|page=46}} Marshall—being unable to attend the all-white [[University of Maryland Law School]]—applied to [[Howard University School of Law]] in Washington, D.C., and was admitted.<ref name="Gibson-2012" />{{Rp|page=107}} At Howard, he was mentored by [[Charles Hamilton Houston]], who taught his students to be "social engineers" willing to use the law as a vehicle to fight for civil rights.<ref name="Davis-1992" />{{Rp|page=56}}<ref name="Tushnet-1997a">{{Cite book |last=Tushnet |first=Mark |title=The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions |publisher=[[Chelsea House]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7910-1377-9 |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Leon |volume=4 |location=New York |pages=1497–1519 |chapter=Thurgood Marshall |author-link=Mark Tushnet |editor2-last=Israel |editor2-first=Fred L. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse/page/1497/mode/2up}}</ref>{{Rp|page=1499}} Marshall graduated in June 1933 ranked first in his class, and he passed the Maryland [[bar examination]] later that year.<ref name="Williams-1998" />{{Rp|page=|pages=59, 61}}