Editing Thrombosis (section)

== Signs and symptoms ==
Thrombosis is generally defined by the type of blood vessel affected (arterial or venous thrombosis) and the precise location of the blood vessel or the organ supplied by it.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

=== Venous thrombosis ===
{{Main|Venous thrombosis}}<!--Structure of this section: limbs, then liver, then kidney, then head/brain-->

==== Deep vein thrombosis ====
{{Main|Deep vein thrombosis}}
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood [[clot]] within a [[deep vein]]. It most commonly affects leg veins, such as the [[femoral vein]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

Three factors are important in the formation of a blood clot within a deep vein—these are:{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* the rate of blood flow,
* the thickness of the blood and
* qualities of the vessel wall.

Classical signs of DVT include [[Swelling (medical)|swelling]], pain and redness of the affected area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Min |first1=Seung-Kee |last2=Kim |first2=Young Hwan |last3=Joh |first3=Jin Hyun |last4=Kang |first4=Jin Mo |last5=Park |first5=Ui Jun |last6=Kim |first6=Hyung-Kee |last7=Chang |first7=Jeong-Hwan |last8=Park |first8=Sang Jun |last9=Kim |first9=Jang Yong |last10=Bae |first10=Jae Ik |last11=Choi |first11=Sun Young |last12=Kim |first12=Chang Won |last13=Park |first13=Sung Il |last14=Yim |first14=Nam Yeol |last15=Jeon |first15=Yong Sun |date=September 2016 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: Korean Practice Guidelines |journal=Vascular Specialist International |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=77–104 |doi=10.5758/vsi.2016.32.3.77 |issn=2288-7970 |pmc=5045251 |pmid=27699156}}</ref>

==== Paget-Schroetter disease ====
{{Main|Paget-Schroetter disease}}
[[Paget–Schroetter disease|Paget-Schroetter disease]] or upper extremity DVT (UEDVT) is the obstruction of an [[upper limb|arm]] vein (such as the [[axillary vein]] or [[subclavian vein]]) by a thrombus. The condition usually comes to light after vigorous exercise and usually presents in younger, otherwise healthy people. Men are affected more than women.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Venous obstruction in the upper extremity; Paget-Schroetter's syndrome; a review of 320 cases|journal = Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics|date = February 1, 1949|issn = 0039-6087|pmid = 18108679|pages = 89–127|volume = 88|issue = 2|first = E. S. R.|last = Hughes}}</ref>

==== Budd-Chiari syndrome ====
{{Main|Budd-Chiari syndrome}}
[[Budd–Chiari syndrome|Budd-Chiari syndrome]] is the blockage of a [[hepatic vein]] or of the hepatic part of the [[inferior vena cava]]. This form of thrombosis presents with [[abdominal pain]], [[ascites]] and [[hepatomegaly|enlarged liver]]. Treatment varies between therapy and surgical intervention by the use of [[Shunt (medical)|shunts]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/shunt | title= shunt | website= National Cancer Institute |access-date= July 5, 2021}}</ref>

==== Portal vein thrombosis ====
{{Main|Portal vein thrombosis}}
Portal vein thrombosis affects the [[hepatic portal vein]], which can lead to portal [[hypertension]] and reduction of the blood supply to the [[liver]].<ref name="Webster">{{cite journal |last1=Webster |first1=GJM |last2=Burroughs |first2=AK |last3=Riordan |first3=SM |title=Review article: portal vein thrombosis&nbsp;– new insights into aetiology and management |journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |date=January 2005 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118696389/HTMLSTART |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210090509/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118696389/HTMLSTART |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 10, 2012 |pmid=15644039 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02301.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.536.2660 |s2cid=5673778 }}</ref> It usually happens in the setting of another disease such as [[pancreatitis]], [[cirrhosis]], [[diverticulitis]] or [[cholangiocarcinoma]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeLeve |first1=LD |last2=Valla |first2=DC |last3=Garcia-Tsao |first3=G |date=2009 |title=Vascular disorders of the liver |journal=Hepatology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1729–64 |doi=10.1002/hep.22772 |pmid=19399912 |pmc=6697263}}</ref>

==== Renal vein thrombosis ====
{{Main|Renal vein thrombosis}}
Renal vein thrombosis is the obstruction of the [[renal vein]] by a thrombus. This tends to lead to reduced drainage from the [[kidney]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Renal vein thrombosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000513.htm |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=May 27, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ====
{{Main|Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis}}
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare form of [[stroke]] which results from the blockage of the [[dural venous sinuses]] by a thrombus. Symptoms may include headache, abnormal vision, any of the symptoms of stroke such as weakness of the face and limbs on one side of the body and [[seizures]]. The diagnosis is usually made with a [[Computed Tomography|CT]] or [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging|MRI scan]]. The majority of persons affected make a full recovery. The [[mortality rate]] is 4.3%.<ref name="Canhao">{{cite journal | last1=Canhão | first1=P |author2=Ferro JM, Lindgren AG| title=Causes and predictors of death in cerebral venous thrombosis | volume=36 | issue=8 | pages=1720–1725 | journal=Stroke | date=August 2005 | pmid=16002765 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000173152.84438.1c|display-authors=etal| doi-access=free }}</ref>

==== Jugular vein thrombosis ====
[[Jugular vein]] thrombosis is a condition that may occur due to infection, intravenous drug use or malignancy. Jugular vein thrombosis can have a varying list of complications, including: [[sepsis|systemic sepsis]], [[pulmonary embolism]], and [[papilledema]]. Though characterized by a sharp pain at the site of the vein, it can prove difficult to diagnose, because it can occur at random.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2762c.htm|title=eMedicine Article on Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis by Dale K. Mueller|access-date=December 8, 2015|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072654/http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2762c.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Cavernous sinus thrombosis ====
{{Main|Cavernous sinus thrombosis}}
[[Cavernous sinus thrombosis]] is a specialised form of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, where there is thrombosis of the [[cavernous sinus]] of the basal skull dura, due to the retrograde spread of infection and endothelial damage from the [[danger triangle]] of the face. The facial veins in this area anastomose with the [[superior ophthalmic vein|superior]] and [[inferior ophthalmic vein|inferior]] ophthalmic veins of the orbit, which drain directly posteriorly into the cavernous sinus through the [[superior orbital fissure]]. [[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphyloccoal]] or [[Streptococcal]] infections of the face, for example nasal or upper lip pustules may thus spread directly into the cavernous sinus, causing stroke-like symptoms of [[double vision]], [[strabismus|squint]], as well as spread of infection to cause [[meningitis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/healthsciences/surgical-sciences/Documents/Specialist%20Guidelines/Cavernous%20sinus%20thrombosis.pdf|title=Guidelines Cavernous sinus thrombosis}}</ref>

=== Arterial thrombosis ===

Arterial thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus within an [[artery]]. In most cases, arterial thrombosis follows rupture of [[atheroma]] (a fat-rich deposit in the blood vessel wall), and is therefore referred to as ''atherothrombosis''. [[Arterial embolism]] occurs when clots then migrate downstream and can affect any organ.<ref>[http://www.mdguidelines.com/arterial-embolism-and-thrombosis MDGuidelines > Arterial Embolism And Thrombosis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202063012/http://www.mdguidelines.com/arterial-embolism-and-thrombosis |date=February 2, 2018 }} From ''The Medical Disability Advisor'' by Presley Reed, MD. Retrieved on April 30, 2010</ref> Alternatively, arterial occlusion occurs as a consequence of embolism of blood clots originating from the heart ("cardiogenic" emboli). The most common cause is [[atrial fibrillation]], which causes a blood stasis within the atria with easy thrombus formation, but blood clots can develop inside the heart for other reasons too as infective endocarditis.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==== Stroke ====
{{Main|Stroke}}
[[File:ThrombusRtMCAM1Mark.png|thumb|Acute thrombus in the right MCA M1 branch]]
A stroke is the rapid decline of brain function due to a disturbance in the supply of blood to the brain.<ref name="men">{{cite journal | last1=Mendelson | first1=Scott J. | last2=Prabhakaran | first2=Shyam | title=Diagnosis and Management of Transient Ischemic Attack and Acute Ischemic Stroke | journal=JAMA | volume=325 | issue=11 | date=March 16, 2021 | pages=1088–1098 | issn=0098-7484 | pmid=33724327 | doi=10.1001/jama.2020.26867 | s2cid=232242365 }}</ref> This can be due to [[ischemia]], thrombus, [[embolus]] (a lodged particle) or [[hemorrhage]] (a bleed).<ref name=men/>

In thrombotic stroke, a thrombus (blood clot) usually forms around [[atherosclerotic]] plaques. Since blockage of the artery is gradual, the onset of symptomatic thrombotic strokes is slower. Thrombotic stroke can be divided into two categories — large vessel disease or small vessel disease. The former affects vessels such as the [[internal carotid]]s, [[Vertebral artery|vertebral]] and the [[circle of Willis]]. The latter can affect smaller vessels, such as the branches of the circle of Willis.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==== Myocardial infarction ====
{{Main|Myocardial infarction}}
Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, is caused by ischemia (restriction in the blood supply), which is often due to the obstruction of a [[coronary artery]] by a thrombus. This restriction gives an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart muscle which then results in tissue death (infarction). A lesion is then formed which is the [[infarct]]. MI can quickly become fatal if emergency medical treatment is not received promptly. If diagnosed within 12 hours of the initial episode (attack) then [[thrombolysis|thrombolytic therapy]] is initiated.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Limb ischemia===
An arterial thrombus or embolus can also form in the limbs, which can lead to [[acute limb ischemia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Creager|first1=Mark A.|last2=Kaufman|first2=John A.|last3=Conte|first3=Michael S.|title=Acute Limb Ischemia|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=June 7, 2012|volume=366|issue=23|pages=2198–2206|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006054|pmid=22670905}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

==== Other sites ====
[[Hepatic artery thrombosis]] usually occurs as a devastating complication after [[liver transplantation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bekker|first1=J.|last2=Ploem|first2=S.|last3=de Jong|first3=K. P.|title=Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis after Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Outcome and Risk Factors|journal=American Journal of Transplantation|date=April 2009|volume=9|issue=4|pages=746–757|doi=10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02541.x|pmid=19298450|doi-access=free}}</ref>