Editing Thomas Savery (section)

== Career ==

Thomas Savery was born at the [[manor house]] of [[Shilstone]], near [[Modbury]], Devon. He became a military engineer, rising to the rank of captain by 1702, and spent his free time performing experiments in mechanics. In 1696 he took out a patent for a machine for polishing glass or marble and another for "rowing of ships with greater ease and expedition than hitherto been done by any other" which involved [[paddle-wheel]]s driven by a [[capstan (nautical)|capstan]] and which was dismissed by the Admiralty following a negative report by the [[Surveyor of the Navy]], [[Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)|Edmund Dummer]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Celina |last=Fox  |title=The Ingenious Mr Dummer: Rationalizing the Royal Navy in Late Seventeenth-Century England |url=http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2007articles/pdf/ebljarticle102007.pdf |work=Electronic British Library Journal|page= 25|year= 2007|access-date=6 October 2009}}</ref>

Savery also worked for the [[Sick and Hurt Commissioners]], contracting the supply of medicines to the Navy Stock Company, which was connected with the [[Society of Apothecaries]]. His duties on their behalf took him to [[Dartmouth, Devon]], which is probably how he came into contact with [[Thomas Newcomen]].

=== Steam-powered pump ===

[[File:Fire pump Savery system 1698.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Fire pump, Savery system, 1698]]
On 2 July 1698 Savery patented a steam-powered pump, "A new invention for raising of water and occasioning motion to all sorts of mill work by the impellent force of fire, which will be of great use and advantage for draining mines, serving towns with water, and for the working of all sorts of mills where they have not the benefit of water nor constant winds."<ref name=jenkins>{{cite book | last = Jenkins | first = Rhys | title = Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times | publisher = Ayer Publishing | year = 1936 | pages = 66 |isbn=0-8369-2167-4}}</ref> It was referred to as the "Savery engine" following contemporary use of the word "engine" to mean any device or contrivance.  He demonstrated it to the [[Royal Society]] on 14 June 1699. The patent had no illustrations or even description, but in 1702 Savery described the machine in his book ''The Miner's Friend; or, An Engine to Raise Water by Fire'',<ref>{{cite book | last = Savery | first = Thomas | author-link = Thomas Savery | title = The Miner's Friend: Or, an Engine to Raise Water by Fire | publisher = S. Crouch | year = 1827 | url = https://archive.org/details/minersfriendora00savegoog }}</ref> in which he claimed that it could pump water out of [[mining|mines]].

[[File:Engine_savery.svg|thumb|Schematic of Savery engine operation. The engine sucks water in with valves '''a''' and '''c''' closed, and valves '''b''' and '''d''' open. It pushes water up with valves '''a''' and '''c''' open, and valves '''b''' and '''d''' closed.]]
Savery's was a [[pistonless pump]] with no moving parts except from the taps. It was operated by first raising steam in the boiler; the steam was then admitted to one of the first working vessels, allowing it to blow out through a downpipe into the water that was to be raised. When the system was hot and therefore full of steam the tap between the boiler and the working vessel was shut, and if necessary the outside of the vessel was cooled. This made the steam inside it condense, creating a partial vacuum, and [[atmospheric pressure]] pushed water up the downpipe until the vessel was full. At this point the tap below the vessel was closed, and the tap between it and the up-pipe opened, and more steam was admitted from the boiler. As the steam pressure built up, it forced the water from the vessel up the up-pipe to the top of the mine.

[[File:Savery-engine.jpg|upright|thumb|The 1698 ''Savery Engine'']]
However, his pump had four serious problems. First, every time water was admitted to the working vessel much of the heat was wasted in warming up the water that was being pumped. Second, the next stage of the process required high-pressure steam to force the water up, and the pump's [[solder]]ed joints were barely capable of withstanding high pressure steam and needed frequent repair. Third, although this pump used positive steam pressure to push water up out (with no theoretical limit to the height to which water could be lifted by a single high-pressure pump) practical and safety considerations meant that in practice, to clear water from a deep mine would have needed a series of moderate-pressure pumps all the way from the bottom level to the surface. Fourth, water was pushed up into the pump only by atmospheric pressure (working against a condensed-steam 'vacuum'), so the pump had to be no more than about {{convert|30|ft|m}} above the water level – requiring it to be installed, operated, and maintained far down in the dark mines all over.

=== Fire Engine Act ===
Savery's original patent of July 1698 gave 14 years' protection; the next year, 1699, an [[Act of Parliament]] was passed which extended his protection for a further 21 years. This act "Encouraging Thomas Savery's invention for raising water and relating to all sorts of mill work" became known as the "Fire Engine Act". Savery's very broad patent covered all pumps that raised water by fire.<ref>Elizabeth H. Oakes, A to Z of STS scientists, Facts on File Inc – 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-4606-5}} [https://archive.org/details/tozofstsscientis0000oake archive.org] pp. 214–215, 267</ref>

The architect [[James Smith (architect, died 1731)|James Smith of Whitehill]] acquired the rights to use Savery's pump in Scotland. In 1699, he entered into an agreement with the inventor, and in 1701 he secured a patent from the [[Parliament of Scotland]], modelled on Savery's grant in England, and designed to run for the same period of time. Smith described the machine as "an engine or invention for raising of water and occasioning motion of mill-work by the force of fire", and he claimed to have modified it to pump from a depth of 14 [[fathom]]s, or 84 feet.<ref name=jenkins /><ref>''The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707'', K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2013), date accessed: 24 June 2013.[http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=print&id=id24106&filename=williamii_ms&type=ms]</ref>

In England, Savery's patent meant that [[Thomas Newcomen]] was forced to go into partnership with him. By 1712, arrangements had been made between the two men to develop Newcomen's more advanced design of [[Newcomen steam engine|steam engine]], which was marketed under Savery's patent, adding water tanks and pump rods so that deeper water mines could be accessed with steam power.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dft-valves.com/blog/steam-condensate-important-things-to-know/|title=Steam Condensate: Important Things to Know {{!}} DFT Valves|date=2018-03-06|work=DFT Valves|access-date=2018-06-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Newcomen's engine worked purely by atmospheric pressure, thereby avoiding the dangers of high-pressure steam, and used the piston concept invented in 1690 by the Frenchman [[Denis Papin]] to produce the first steam engine capable of raising water from deep mines.<ref>L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, ''The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen'' (Landmark Publishing, Ashbourne 1997).</ref>

When Papin was back to London in 1707, he was asked by [[Isaac Newton]], new President of the Royal Society after [[Robert Boyle]], Papin's friend, to work with Savery, who worked for five years with Papin, but never gave any credit nor revenue to the French scientist.

After his death in 1715 Savery's patent and Act of Parliament became vested in a company, ''The Proprietors of the Invention for Raising Water by Fire''.<ref>Jenkins, pp. 78–79</ref> This company issued licences to others for the building and operation of Newcomen engines, charging as much as £420 per year patent royalties for the construction of steam engines.<ref>{{cite book | last = Oldroyd | first = David | title = Estates, Enterprise and Investment at the Dawn of the Industrial Revolution | publisher = Ashgate Publishing Ltd. | year = 2007 | page = 14 |isbn=978-0-7546-3455-3}}</ref> In one case a colliery paid the Proprietors £200 per year and half their net profits "in return for their services in keeping the engine going".<ref>{{cite book | last = Roll | first = Eric | title = An Early Experiment in Industrial Organisation | publisher = Routledge | year = 1968 | page= 27 |isbn=0-7146-1357-6}}</ref>

The Fire Engine Act did not expire until 1733, four years after the death of Newcomen.<ref>{{cite book | last = Armytage| first = W.H.G. | title = A Social History of Engineering | publisher = Westview Press | year = 1976 | page = 86 |isbn=0-89158-508-7}}</ref>

=== Application of the steam pump ===
A newspaper in March 1702 announced that Savery's pumps were ready for use and might be seen on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons at his workhouse in Salisbury Court, London, over against the Old Playhouse.

One of his pumps was set up at [[York Buildings Company|York Buildings]] in London. According to later descriptions this produced steam 'eight or ten times stronger than common air' (i.e. 8–10 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atmospheres]]), but blew open the joints of the machine, forcing him to [[solder]] the joints with [[spelter]].<ref name="Rolt">L.T.C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, ''The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen'' (Landmark Publishing, Ashbourne 2007), pp. 27–28</ref>

Another was built to control the water supply at [[Hampton Court]], while another at Campden House in [[Kensington]] operated for 18 years.<ref name="ODNB">E. I. Carlyle, 'Savery, Thomas (1650?–1715)', rev. Christopher F. Lindsey, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 29 April 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24733 URL]</ref>

A few Savery pumps were tried in mines, an unsuccessful attempt being made to use one to clear water from a pool called Broad Waters in [[Wednesbury]] (then in [[Staffordshire]]) and nearby coal mines. This had been covered by a sudden eruption of water some years before. However the pump could not be 'brought to answer'. The quantity of steam raised was so great as 'rent the whole machine to pieces'. The steam pump was laid aside, and the scheme for raising water was dropped as impracticable.<ref>[[Richard Wilkes of Willenhall]], quoted in [[Stebbing Shaw]], ''History and Antiquities of Staffordshire'' (1798–1801) II(1), 120</ref><ref name="King">P. W. King. 'Black Country Mining before the Industrial Revolution' ''Mining History: The Bulletin of the [[Peak District Mines History Society]]'' 16(6), 42–43.</ref> This may have been in about 1705.<ref name="King" />

Another pump was proposed in 1706 by George Sparrow at [[Newbold, Derbyshire|Newbold]] near [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]], where a landowner was having difficulty in obtaining the consent of his neighbours for a [[sough]] (an underground channel) to drain his coal. Nothing came of this, perhaps due to the explosion of the Broad Waters pump.<ref name="King" /> It is also possible that a steam pump was tried at [[Wheal Vor]], a copper mine in Cornwall.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Earl
|first=Bryan
|title=Cornish Mining: The Techniques of Metal Mining in the West of England, Past and Present
|publisher=Cornish Hillside Publications
|location=St Austell
|edition=2nd
|year=1994
|page=38
|isbn=0-9519419-3-3}}</ref>