Editing Thomas Robert Malthus (section)

== Early life and education ==
Thomas Robert Malthus was the sixth of seven children<ref name = "Robert Malthus ODNB"/> of Daniel Malthus and Henrietta Catherine, daughter of [[Daniel Graham (apothecary)|Daniel Graham]], apothecary to kings [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] and [[George III of Great Britain|George III]], and granddaughter of [[Thomas Graham (apothecary)|Thomas Graham]], apothecary to kings [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] and [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]. Henrietta was depicted alongside her siblings in [[William Hogarth]]'s painting, ''[[The Graham Children]]'' (1742).<ref>The Tate Gallery: An Illustrated Companion to the National Collections of British & Modern Foreign Art. London: Tate Gallery, 1979, p. 15</ref> Malthus was born at The Rookery, a "small elegant mansion" at [[Westcott, Surrey|Westcott]], near [[Dorking]] in [[Surrey]], which his father had bought—at that time called Chertgate Farm—and converted into "a gentleman's seat"; the family sold it in 1768 and moved to "a less extensive establishment at [[Albury, Surrey|Albury]], not far from [[Guildford]]". Malthus had a [[cleft lip and palate]] which affected his speech; such birth defects had occurred in previous generations of his family. His friend, the social theorist [[Harriet Martineau]], who was hard of hearing, nevertheless stated that due to his sonorous voice he was the only person she could hear well without her [[ear trumpet]].<ref>Martineau, Harriet 1877. Autobiography. 3 vols, Smith, Elder, London. vol 1, p. 327.</ref><ref>Essays in Biography, J. M. Keynes, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1933, pp. 96-99</ref><ref name = "Robert Malthus ODNB">{{Cite ODNB|id=17902|title=Malthus, (Thomas) Robert|author=J. M. Pullen|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/economics-biographies/thomas-robert-malthus|title=Thomas Robert Malthus - Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> [[William Petersen (demographer)|William Petersen]] and [[John Maynard Keynes]] describe Daniel Malthus as "a gentleman of good family and independent means [...] [and] a friend of [[David Hume]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]". Daniel Malthus was son of Sydenham Malthus, who was a clerk of [[Crown Office in Chancery|Chancery]] and director of the [[South Sea Company]]; he was also "proprietor of several landed properties in the [[Home Counties]] and [[Cambridgeshire]]". Sydenham Malthus's father, Daniel, had been apothecary to King William and later to [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]]; Daniel's father, Rev. Robert Malthus, was appointed [[St Mary with St Richard, Northolt#History|vicar]] of [[Northolt]], [[Middlesex]] (now [[West London]]) under the regicide [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]], but "evicted at the [[Stuart Restoration|Restoration]]"; he was described as "an ancient divine, a man of strong reason, and mighty in the Scriptures, of great eloquence and fervour, though defective in elocution", due to "a very great impediment in his utterance" which has been concluded to be likely to have been a cleft palate.<ref>[[William Petersen (demographer)|Petersen, William]]. 1979. ''Malthus''. Heinemann, London. 2nd ed., 1999. p. 21</ref><ref>Essays in Biography, J. M. Keynes, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1933, pp. 96-7, 99-103</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-environs/vol3/pp306-319 | title=Northall (Northolt) &#124; British History Online }}</ref> The young Malthus received his education at the [[Warrington Academy]] from 1782, where he was taught by [[Gilbert Wakefield]]. Warrington was a [[dissenting academy]], which closed in 1783. Malthus continued for a period to be tutored by Wakefield at the latter's home in [[Bramcote]], [[Nottinghamshire]].<ref>The Popularization of Malthus in Early Nineteenth-Century England- Martineau, Cobbett, and the Pauper Press, James P. Huzel, Ashgate, 2006, p. 15</ref><ref name="Godwin1997">{{cite book|first=John|last=Avery|title=Progress, Poverty and Population: Re-Reading Condorcet, Godwin and Malthus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0lNlvbh0sC&pg=PA56|date=1997|publisher=Psychology Press|location=London, England|isbn=978-0-7146-4750-0|pages=56–57}}</ref>

Malthus entered [[Jesus College, Cambridge]], in 1784. While there, he took prizes in English declamation, [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], and graduated with honours, Ninth [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]] in [[mathematics]]. His tutor was [[William Frend (reformer)|William Frend]].<ref name="Godwin1997"/><ref>Petersen, William. 1979. ''Malthus''. Heinemann, London. 2nd ed., 1999. p. 28</ref> He took the [[Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)|MA]] degree in 1791, and was elected a [[Fellow#Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin|Fellow]] of Jesus College two years later.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{acad|id=MLTS784TR|name=Malthus, Thomas Robert}}</ref> In 1789, he [[Ordination|took orders]] in the [[Church of England]], and became a [[curate]] at Oakwood Chapel (also Okewood) in the parish of [[Wotton, Surrey]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Robert|last=Malthus|title=T.R. Malthus: The Unpublished Papers in the Collection of Kanto Gakuen University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AgghdjSxQEC&pg=PA54|date=1997|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-58138-7|page=54 note 196}}</ref>